
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF FORESTRY— BULLETIN No. 56. 

GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester. 



A WORKING PLAN 



FOR 



FOREST LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 



BY 



CHARLES S. CHAPMAN, 

FOREST ASSISTANT, BUREAU OF FORESTRY. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

19 5. 



■""fm^ 



3 H-6- 



J'^ 2^4 



j|. 56, Forest "Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate I. 




<-' 






U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU OF FORESTRY— BULLETIN No. 56. 

GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester 



A WORKING} PLAN 



FOR 



FOREST LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, 
SOUTH CAROLINA. 



BY 



CHARLES S. CHAPMAN, 

FOREST ASSISTANT, BUREAU OF FORESTRY. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1905. . 



Manegraph 






LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Forestry, 
Washington. D. C, June SO, 1905. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report entitled "A 
Working- Plan for Forest Lands in Berkeley County, South (^irolina," 
by Charles S. Chapman, Forest Assistant in the Bureau of Forestry, 
and to recommend its publication as Bulletin No. 56 of the lUireau of 
Forestry'. 

The map and four plates accompanying the report are necessary for 
its proper illustration. 

Very respectfully, Gifford Pinchot, 

Fore^ster. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agi'iculture. 



HUV3^ 



*.^v** 



'tt 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction 5 

Part I. — The Timbeelands. 

General description of tract 7 

The forest types 7 

Loblolly pine land 8 

Longleaf pine land 10 

Swamp land 11 

Bottomlands 11 

True swamps 12 

Waste land 14 

Volume and yield 14 

Volume tables for loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and cypress 14 

The yield by blocks 15 

Yield between different diameters 22 

Total yield for tract by species r 27 

Number of trees of each diameter of ash, maple, and hickory on the whole 

tract 28 

Comparison of two-thirds and Doyle rules 28 

Lum))ering 29 

Market and transportation 30 

Fire 31 

Effect on the soil 31 

Effect on standing trees 31 

Effect on reproduction 32 

Grazing 32 

Silvical description of the most important trees 33 

Loblolly pine 33 

Longleaf pine 36 

Shortleaf pine 40 

Pond pine -.. . , ^ 40 

Cypress ^i .."... '. 41 

Red gum .' 42 

Black gum 43 

Red maple 43 

Yellow poplar 43 

Hickory 44 

White ash 44 

Water oak 45 

Other oaks 45 

Trees on the Cooper River holdings 45 

Trees and shrubs forming underbrush 46 

3 



4 . CONTETSTTS. 

Part II. — Management. 

Page. 

Introduction 47 

Present and future yields of pine 47 

Sustained annual yield 48 

The rotation for pines 50 

Objects sought on different types of forest land 52 

Loblolly pine land 52 

Longleaf pine land 52 

Swamp land 52 

Lumbering 53 

Removal of hardwoods 53 

What hardwoods can be used for 53 

The steam skidder 53 

Height of stumps 54 

Supervision and protection 54 

Marking trees for removal 54 

Necessity for a forester 55 

Protection against fire 55 

Cost of conservative management 56 

Rules for lumbering 56 

Conclusions 57 

Index 59 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PLATES. 

Page. 

Plate I. A two-storied forest of longleaf pine Frontispiece 

II. Fig. 1. — Virgin longleaf pine, hill country. Fig. 2. — Stand of 

medium loblolly on an old field 32 

III. Fig. 1. — Loblolly pine and hardwoods on the border of a swamp. 

Fig. 2. — ILyd woods on swamp type 40 

IV. Fig. L— A mixed stand of loblolly and longleaf pine. Fig. 2. — 

Reproduction of longleaf pine on an old burn 40 

MAP. 

Map of the Cooper River holdings of the E. P. Burton Company, Berkeley 

County, S. C (Folder) follows page 62 



A WORKING PLAN FOR FOREST LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The object of the investigation, the results of which are presented 
in the following working" plan, was primarily to determine how much 
timber is at present standing on the land of the E. P. Burton Lumber 
Company, how much is necessary for a sustained annual yield equal 
to the present capacity of the compan^^'s mill, and in what way the 
largest successive crops can be obtained in the shortest time and at 
the least expense. It led to the conclusion that the prevailing species 
(lobloll}^ pine), the method of logging, and the location of the tract 
are all adapted to make the pine lands permanently valuable if treated 
in such a way as to insure future crops of timber. The swamp lands 
do not offer the same favorable opportunities for forest management. 
Here the most important species, cypress, occurs only as scattered 
individuals, or at best in small groups, surrounded by a luxuriant 
growth of hardwoods which prevents its reproduction on a large scale. 
The improvement of these lands will therefore be slow. 

The work of collecting data on which to base recommendations for 
the treatment of this tract took a crew of six men three and one-half 
months, and embraced the following measurements: 

(1) The measurement of all hardwoods to 10 inches and all soft- 
woods to 2 inches in diameter breasthigh over approximately 5 per 
cent of the tract. 

(2) The measurement of 1,545 felled trees for volume. 

(3) The measurement of 3,107 stumps for rate of growth. 

(4) The measurement of 4,102 trees for total height and clear length; 
The standing trees were measured throughout the various holdings 

in strips Q6 feet wide and one-fourth mile apart. The diameters of 
the trees were recorded on sheets which showed for each acre the 
number of trees of each species and their diameters. The measure- 
ment of felled trees followed the logging and included: 

Height of stump. 

Diameter of stump inside and outside of bark. 

Diameter 4i feet from the ground. 

Diameter at the top of each log inside and outside of bark. 

Total height. 

Clear length or distance from the ground to the first large limb. 

5 



6 WOKKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

From these measurements volume tables were constructed which 
show the merchantable contents for trees of ditferent diameters. 

Measurements of diameter growth were taken on the stump only. 
The annual rings w^ere counted along an average radius, and the 
diameter growth for each ten ,years was thus secured. The rate of 
growth of hardwoods, of species of pine whose occurrence was too 
infrequent to be of importance, and of cypress, of which no trees suit- 
able for such measurements were available, was not obtained. 



PART I.— THE TIMBERLANDS. 
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TRACT. 

The tract of timberland owned by the E. P. Burton Lumber Com- 
pany is situated in Berkeley County, S. C, between the Cooper and 
Santee rivers, and is made up of holdings which still retain the names 
of their former owners. The holdings vary in size from 599 acres to 
20,213 acres. The total area of all lands controlled is 44,943 acres. 
Of this 5,243 acres are cultivated and waste lands, and 39,700 acres 
timbered. On 10,158 acres of the latter the company owns only 
stumpage. Adverse holdings, aside from those on which stumpage is 
owned, are insignificant, comprising only a few small lots of from 10 
to 100 acres each. Except for these adverse holdings the tract forms 
a solid block. 

The land is uniformly flat, but may be divided into uplands and 
swamps. Small sink holes, or " pocosons," are scattered all over the 
uplands. The swamps, of which Hell Hole is the largest, are but little 
lower than the flat uplands. Their area is approximately 13,000 acres, 
or nearly one-third of the total timbered area. 

The soil varies from a nearly pure sand in the northwestern part of 
the tract to a sandy loam with an admixture of cla}^ in the southern 
and eastern parts. The swamps have a uniformly wet, deep, sandy 
loam, which in a few instances becomes muck}^ Over a few areas 
the soil seems phj^sically unsuited to tree growth, but generally soil 
conditions are excellent. 

There is no outcropping of rock throughout the tract. 

Small runs or streams are plentiful. The principal ones are Turke}'^ 
and Nicholson runs, which form the headwaters of the east branch of 
Cooper River and drain the southern portion of Hell Hole Swamp. 
Savannah Creek, which flows into the Santee River, drains the north- 
ern part of Hell Hole. 

The tract is accessible b}'^ roads which traverse it in all directions. 
These roads are good in dry weather, but in wet weather they become 
almost useless for hauling; since, however, the logging is done almost 
entirely by rail, wagon roads are of minor importance. (See map at 
end of volume.) 

THE FOREST TYPES. 

The forest lands of this region are divided, by differences in topog- 
raphy and composition of stand, into three broad types— loblolly pine 
land, longleaf pine land, and swamp land. The latter may be further 
subdivided into bottomlands and true swamps. 



8 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

The dividing line between loblolly and longleaf pine land is not 
well defined, since the two species occur more or less in mixture on 
both types. The swamp land, being a topographic type, has well- 
defined boundaries. The percentage of each type of land over the 
whole tract, as determined from the valuation surveys and map, is as 
follows: 

Per cent. 

Loblolly pine land 34 

Longleaf pine land 33 

Swamp land 33 

Total 100 

LOBLOLLY PINE LAND. 

Loblolly pine land occupies the fresh and moist uplands, extending 
in places into the bottoms. It stands first among the types both in 
area and in commercial importance. 

The soil on this land is a light, sandy loam, with a considerable admix- 
ture of clay over occasional areas. Humus, except in wet places, is 
almost entirely wanting. This is because fires pass over the land so 
frequently that humus has no chance to form. The ground is covered 
with a growth of tall grass and broom sedge, which affords pasturage 
for a considerable number of cattle. 

The amount of underbrush varies greatly; over large areas there is 
practically none, while in places it is dense. It consists of such species 
as gall berry, red and white bay, wax myrtle, sprouts of gums and 
oaks, and raspberry bushes. Red and white bay form the tj^pical 
underbrush on swamp land, while gall berry and wax myrtle are found 
mainl}^ on the pine lands. As a rule, underbrush increases in direct 
proportion to the amount of moisture present. 

.Lobloll}^ pine occurs both in pure stands and in mixture with long- 
leaf pine and hardwoods. Over the bulk of the land, however, some 
longleaf is mixed with the loblolly, while hardwoods, in the form of 
an understory, are nearly always present. 

The stands in this forest type tend to be even aged. Where land 
formerly under cultivation has come up to loblolW pine, the trees are 
of uniform size and the range in age is small; but where land has 
always been under forest the trees vary greatly in age, approaching 
in this respect a selection forest. 

The understory of hardwoods which loblolly pine lands generally 
support may be dense or very open, according to moisture conditions. 
Where there is plenty of moisture in the soil, red gum, black gum, 
water oak, red maple, and occasionally yellow poplar, ash, beech, and 
hickory form the hardwood growth, while on the drier soils scrubby 
blackjack, black, Spanish, and post oaks occur. 

Reproduction of loblolly pine in this forest type is limited only by 
the occurrence of forest fires. Wherever fire has been kept out for 
a short period, reproduction is plentiful. For this reason it is best 



LOBLOLLY PINE LAND. 



9 



on the moist situations. But on the drier soils reproduction has liad 
very little opportunity to establish itself. Good reproduction has 
taken place on cut-over loblolly pine lands wherever sutiicient seed 
trees have been left. 

Over the greater part of the area loblolly pine is thrifty, and at* 
present is putting- on fair growth. In some places, however, the 
trees are either overmature or badly burned out at the base, or both, 
and windfalls are very common. 

Although the present loblolly pine forest is in excellent condition, 
b}' the judicious cutting of the present crop and by protection from 
fire the future forest can be made to produce still more timber and to 
give proportionally better returns. 

Table I shows the representation of species on loblolly pine land. 

Table I. — Stand on loblolly pine land. 



[Softwoods and yellow poplar calipered to 2 inches and other hardwoods to 10 inches 

breasthigh on 757 acres.] 


in diameter 




Average number of trees per acre. 


Diameter breasthigh. 


6 
g 
■ft 
>) 
o 

1 


1 



4) 

fl 
■p. 

■3 
0) 

1 


a 

a 

3 


a 

be 

% 


a5 

a 
■p. 


4^' 



s 


6 

P. 

03 

a 


s 


ai 

a 
'S. 



.a 

CO 


1 


.a 


a> 

D 

pq 




'w 


< 


03 



a 


g 
■ft 

ft 


d 


a 

a - 
's 

Oh 


Inches. 
2 


6.43 
4.57 


3.34 
2 74 


0.31 
.36 
.48 
.52 
.54 
.43 
.42 
.40 
.41 
35 


:.:: 




0.01 

.04 
.07 
.08 
.12 
.10 
.11 
.12 
.14 
.09 
.11 
.09 
.08 
.07 
.05 
.07 
.05 
.03 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 








0.03 
.03 
.04 
.04 
.04 
.04 
.06 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.01 


0.01 
.02 
.04 
.03 
.05 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 

'.'6i 
.01 


.... 






0.01 
.02 
.02 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.02 
03 




0.01 
.01 




3 




4 


4.25I 2.71 
4.06! 2.06 
3.6O' 1.61 
2.95, .95 
3.40! .88 
2. 86] . 73 
3. 26 . 66 
2. 78 . 49 




5 
























6 










.01 




7 




















8 




















.01 




9 




















10 

11 


6. 64 0. 39 

.421 .36 


0.25 
.22 
.20 
.16 
.12 
.10 
.09 
.06 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 


0.18 
.12 
.12 
.09 
.06 
.05 
.05 
.03 
.04 
.02 
.01 
.01 

'.'6i 
.01 


0.10 

.11 

.07 
.06 
.05 
.06 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 


0.04 
.03 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.03 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


0.05 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


0.04 
.04 


0.02 
.02 




O.OI 


12 


3.01 .54! .38 

2.69! -52! .34 

2.54; .38! .32 

2.30' .38! .27 

1.92 .28 .24 

1.77 .25' .16 

1.71i .19! .14 

1.36 .13 .07 

1.36 .15' .06 

1.12 .12! .04 

.96 .10 .03 

.65 .05, .02 

.64 .05 .02 

.411 .03! .01 

.32 04! 01 


.41 
.28 


.38 

•:'8 


.02 .62 


.02'.... 
.011 




13 ... 


.02 
.04 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 


.01 
.01 
.01 




14 


.27I .24 


'.'61 


'.'6i 




15 


.19 
.15 
.11 
.10 
.07 
.06 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.01 


.24 
.18 
.13 
.11 
.07 
.05 
.05 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 




16 




17 




18 










19 






20 








21 


.01 
.01 












22 






.01 










23 . 










24 




01 









.... 








25 


01 






26 




.01 
.01 




















27 


.24 
.17 
.10 

.07 


.02 
.02 
.01 






















28 
























29 








.01 
























30 






























31 


06 


ni 












. 




















32 


03! 


































33 


03' 






























34 


.03 
.01 
.02 
.01 

61.69 


































35 


































36 


































37 










1 






















Total 


19.44 6.33 
15. 02 3. 46 


2.80 


2.58 


1.63 

T65 

1.25 

.98 

2.06 


1.44 .80 


.62 

'.'62 
1.31 


.54 

.32 
.62 
.22 
.47 


.47 


.29 


.25 


?3 


.23 


08 


.05 

.04 

08 


,01 




1 


.13|.... 
. 25 . . . . 




2" to 9" 


32.12 


.26 .... 
.50 




Per cent 


61.77 
29.57 
62.28 


28 88 6-65 




10" and over 

Per cent 


4.42 
9.31 


2.87 
6.05 


2.80 
5.89 


2.58 
5.43 


1.44 
3.03 


.80 
1.68 


.21 
.44 


.29 
.61 


.25 
.53 


.23 
.49 


.10 
.21 


.08 
.17 


.01 
.02 


.01 
.02 



31147 — No. 5(>- 



10 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



LONGLEAF PINK LAND. 



Long-leaf pine is confined, in the main, to the higher situations and 
to the drier and lighter soils. It is most prevalent in the northern and 
eastern portions of the tract. On the drier parts of loblolly pine lands 
the two types mingle. Soils of longleaf pine land vary from pure 
white sands to sandy loams with an admixture of clay; either class of 
soil seems well fitted for the growth of the tree. 

Here again humus is nearly wanting on account of the yearly ground 
fires, which, favored by a thick growth of grass, seldom fail to over- 
run these lands. Underbrush, while not so plentiful as on loblolly 
pine land, is often present. It consists ehietiy of gall berry, hardwood 
sprouts, wax myrtle, and sometimes raspberry bushes. 

Longleaf pine occurs on this type either in pure stands or mixed 
with loblolly pine and hardwoods. Loblolly pine, however, is nearly 
always present. The small sink holes or pocosons in the midst of 
longleaf pine land, where moisture is more plentiful, are invariably 
fringed with loblolly pine. Small patches of loblolly pine often 
become established on longleaf land simply because loblolly has been 
able to seed up such areas first. Hardwoods are less prevalent than 
on loblolly land. They are for the mosi; part very small and stunted, 
and are composed largely of such species as Spanish, blackjack, black, 
and post oaks. 

Longleaf pine occurs in even-aged stands, but these stands are apt 
to take the form of small groups, and seldom exceed a few acres in 
area. The forest cover is therefore much broken, and as cutting has 
taken place over the bulk of these lands, the stand is often very open. 

This type of forest has been mismanaged more than any othcx on 
the tract. Lumbering has removed the bulk of the large trees, and 
57 per cent of all the longleaf pines 10 inches and over in diameter 
has been boxed for turpentine. As a result of this lumbering and 
boxing, fires have been able to kill many of the trees left standing and 
largely to prevent renewal of the forest. Consequently there are now 
large areas over which the stand is so open that it is doubtful if it 
could be lumbered with profit. In spite of the fact that young growth 
has occasionally come in so that the prospects for a second crop over 
limited areas are excellent, reproduction throughout this type as a 
whole is nearl}" wanting; seedlings are more scarce than saplings or 
poles. If fire were kept out, however, reproduction would establish 
itself. 

Table II shows the representation of species on the longleaf pine 
lands. 



LONGLEAF PINE LAND. 



11 



Table II. — Stand on longleaf pine land. 



[Softwoods and yellow poplar 


calipered to 2 inches and other 
breasthigh on 755 acres.] 


hardwoods to 10 inches 


in diameter 








Average number of trees 


per acre. 








Diameter breasthigh. 


g 
■ft 

0) 


a 
■3. 



1 


m 
(U 




6 

g 
■p. 

•V 




a 

1 
3 


a 

S3 

3 


a 

60 


.3 
p. 

1 

.S3 
CO 


s 


a 

ID 




tS 




Inches. 
2 


5.88 

6.13 

7.59 

7.44 

6.45 

5.19 

5.36 

4.59 

4.17 

3.38 

3.14 

2.42 

1.01 

1.61 

1.35 

.97 

.66 

.39 

.30 

.16 

.12 

.07 

.06 

.04 

.02 

.01 

.02 

.01 

.01 


2.98 

2.50 

2.67 

2.44 

2.13 

1.42 

1.34 

1.03 

.96 

.85 

.76 

.70 

.76 

.58 

.47 

.42 

.37 

.27 

.24 

.25 

.19 

.15 

.11 

.07 

.04 

.03 

.02 

.01 

.01 


1.30 
.72 
.65 
.44 
.30 
.16 
.17 
.16 
.15 
.12 
.12 
.09 
.08 
.08 
.06 


0.01 

1 

.07 
.06 
.06 
.08 
.07 
.09 
.07 
.14 
.16 
.13 
.17 
.16 








0.01 
.01 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 

".'6i' 
.01 










3 
















4 
















5 
















6 
















7 
















8 
















9 
















10 

11 

12 

13 


0.22 
.11 
.12 

.07 
.05 
.06 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.02 
.01 


0.03 
.03 
.04 
.04 
.01 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


6.05 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 


6.62 

.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 

"."6i' 

.01 


o.oi 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


0.01 

'".'6i' 




"o.bi 


14 

15 

16 


.01 
.01 


"".bi 


17 


.04 ! .13 
.03 i .10 
.02 .08 
.03 .07 
. 02 . 06 






18 








19 












20 


.01 












21 


.01 ! .61 












22 


.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 


.05 
.03 
.02 
.02 













23 








, 






24 ... 














25 


1 1 








26 


' .61 












27 













28 


.01 














29 . 






j 










30 
















31 


















32 




.01 












1 




























Total 


69.64 


23.78 


4.80 


1.91 


.77 1 .24 


.23 


.14 


.10 


.07 


.04 


.02 






2" to 9" 


48. 62 
69. 92 
21. 02 
65. 29 


16.51 
23.74 

7.27 
22. 58 


3.90 

5.61 

.90 

2.78 


.42 

.60 

1.49 

4.63 




.09 
.13 
.05 
.16 


1 






Per cent 










10" and over 

Per cent 


.77 ' .24 
2.39 1 -75 


.23 

.71 


.10 

.31 


.07 
.22 


.04 
.12 


.02 

.06 











SWAMP LAND. 



This type comprises about 13,000 acres, or approximately one-third 
of the total wooded area of the tract. The most important swamps 
are Hell Hole and Darrington. The others are smaller and contain 
less valuable timber. The swamps are practically virg'in forest land, 
the only lumberino- ever done having been the removal of a few 
cypress trees for shingles. The composition of tlie stands varies 
greatly in the two subtypes — bottomlands and true swamps. 

Bottomlands. — Bottomlands occur principally along the borders of 
the true swamps and along streams. The area of this type is com- 
parativelj'' small and the species composing the stand of timber are less 
valuable. 

The soil of the bottomlands is the best in the region. It is some- 
times wet, but generally moist to fresh. In composition it is a sandy 
loam. The humus is made up of decayed hardwood leaves and needles 
and is medium to deep. 



12 WOEKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

The amount of underbrush varies greatly. In places it is dense, 
consisting of rattan, sniilax, and wax myrtle; in other instances it is 
almost totally lacking. Grass occurs here but sparingly, and the lands 
are of small value for grazing. 

In the bottomland type of forest a large number of species occur. 
Here maple, ash, beech, red, white, black, Spanish, and water oaks, 
hickory, elm, pond pine, and red gum reach their best development. 
Loblolly pine also grows well. 

Few of the above-mentioned species are at present cut, and many 
do not occur in sufficient quantities to be worth removing. The lob- 
lolly and pond pine will be cut. Maple, ash, hickory, white and red 
oak, and red gum could probably be removed with profit at the same 
time, thus making room for reproduction of loblolly pine and the great 
increase in the future value of the forest. 

The trees are of all ages and diameters. Saplings and poles of all 
the species are much more plentiful than seedlings, which are gener- 
ally very scarce. 

Fire occurs on this forest type only during extremely dry seasons, 
and as such seasons do not usually occur more often than once every 
ten years, little damage has resulted from this source. 

True swamps. — The true swamps occupy the low-lying lands, where, 
except in occasional very dr}^ seasons, there is standing water the 
year round. The soil is deep and rich, but very wet. It varies from 
sandy loam to heavy muck; the latter, however, occurs only over 
small areas. Froperl}' drained, these lands would be valuable for 
agricultural purposes. Humus is deep but not well decaj ed, for the 
standing water retards its decomposition. Over this layer of hunuis 
is a thick mat of leaves and needles, decaying slowly under water. 
Underbrush is nearly alwaj's present in the true swamps. It occurs 
on tussocks raised above the water, and consists of hurrah brush, red 
and white bay, smilax, rattan,- and holly. These tussocks also bear 
one or more trees each. 

The forest is made up of a large number of species. The commonest 
.are cypress, loblolly and pond pine, black and red gum. maple, water 
oak, yellow poplar, and ash. With the exception of cypress, none of 
these trees prefers the class of land found in this type; all of them grow 
to better advantage on drier situations. The trees of chief commer- 
cial importance are cj'press, loblolly pine, and yellow poplar. 

Cypress occurs in groups or as scattered individuals throughout the 
type, and reaches larger size than any other species found on the tract. 
Loblolly pine also is of irregular occurrence. It seeks the higher places, 
and is- found either on small islands or on tussocks, while cypress often 
grows in the water. Notwithstanding their scattered occurrence, these 
two species make up the bulk of the merchantable stand throughout 
the true swamps. Yellow poplar occurs only in a few small groups, 
and if it were not for its large size would be of no importance. 



SWAMP LAND. 



13 



Reproduction throughout this forest type is scarce and poorly dis- 
tributed. Small patches of cypress seedlings, however, are sometimes 
found, and loblolly reproduction is occasionally dense along the edge 
of a swamp. Saplings and poles of cypress, loblolly pine, 3'ellow 
poplar, and the hardwoods are much more common than seedlings, 
but on account of the dense shade they are apt to be poor, suppressed 
specimens. 

Table III shows the representation of species on the true swamps 
and bottomlands combined. 

Table III. — Stand on swamp and bottomland. 

[Soft woods and yellow poplar calipered to 2 inches and other hardwoods to 10 inches in diamettT 

breasthigh on 599 acres. 1 





Average number of trees per acre. 


Diameter breasthigh. 


1 
o 


0^ 

a 
ft 



1 
1^ 


a 

bo 

s 


P. 

a 

-a 


a 

Sao 

-a 


pq 


SI 

0. 

ft 


< 


a 
■ft, 

1 
Q 


a 
■ft 

•3 

<D 

a 
3 


8 

S 


u 




a 


i: 


M 









bO 

« 

a 

0) 
.<3j 

02 


Inches. 
2 


5.11 
5.34 
6.66 
7.07 
5.87 
4.01 
4.36 
3.00 
3.07 


2.87 

1.99 

2.00 

1.80 

1.53 

1.16 

1.41 

1.26 

1.34 

1 08 

1.22 

1.04 

1.15 

1.07 

1.06 

1.10 

1.22 

.99 

.98 

.89 

.81 

.72 

.54 

.42 

.30 

.25 

.15 

.13 

.09 

.05 

.04 

.03 

.01 










0.02 




0.03 
.04 
.05 
.08 
.03 
.06 
04 


0.08 
.02 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.03 




0.03 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.04 
.02 












3 










.03.... 
.05.... 
.06 












4 




















5 




















6 










.07 
.08 
05 














7 




















8 


















9 




1 




.05 


05 


.02i.... 
. 03 0. 06 


.02 
01 




1 1 




10... 


5.34 

3.02 

3.36 

2.50 

2.31 

1.90 

1.39 

1.23 

.90 

.67 

.47 

.30 

.24 

.12 

.11 

.08 

.05 

.03 

.02 

.02 

.01 

.01 

.01 


1. 20IO 39 


0.32 


07 19i 04 


04 


03iO 09 oy 


02 


11 

12 

13 

14 


1.85 
2.18 
1.44 
1.41 


.59 
.81 
.51 
.48 
.41 
.36 
.33 
.25 
.17 
.16 
.10 
.08 
.04 
.03 
.03 
.01 
.01 
.01 

'.'61 


.32 
.36 
.33 
.32 
.29 
.25 
.21 
.16 


.25 .061 .15' .62 
.25 .05; .12! .03 
.231 .07! .Hi .02 
. 18 - 05! . n.s: . n2 


.02 
.03 
.03 
.04 
.05 
.04 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 


.03 
.03 
.04 
.04 
.02 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.02 
.01 


.01 
.01 
.01 

'.'61 


.04 
.03 
.02 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


.02 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 

'.'61 

'.'61 

.01 


.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 

'.'61 


.02 
.01 


.01 
.01 


15... 


1.20 
.87 
.82 
.63 
.47 
.52 
.37 
.33 
.27 
.21 
.22 
.15 
.12 
.11 
.08 
.08 
.04 
.04 
.04 
.03 
.04 
.03 
.01 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.01 


.18 
.14 
.12 

19 


.04 .07 
.O4I .04 


.03 
.02 
.02 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.02 
.01 




16 




17 

18 


.04 
.03 
.02 
.04 
.02 
.02 
.02 
.02 
01 


.03 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.02 

".'6i 




19 


.14' 09 




20 ■ 


.14 
.09 
.08 
.05 
.05 
.03 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


.09 
.08 
.04 
.04 
.05 
.03 




21 




22 




23 




24 




25 




.01 
.01 




'.'61 
.01 






.01 









26 


.02, .01 
.02 .01 




27 




28 


.01 

'.'6i 

.01 


.01 
01 




















29 






















30 


.01 








.01 














31 


















32 


1 






.01 












33 


.01 


\ 
















34 








1 


















35 


.01 


1 






01 






















36 


.01 
.01 


1 


.01 .... 


.01 






















37 
























38 




























39 .. 


































40 


































41 


































42 


































43 


.01 
.01 
.01 
















I 
















44 
































45.. 




























































1 


Total 


.58.14J 30.73 


23. 99 5. 59 


3.33 2.29 


1.08 .90 


.72 .55 


.40 


.28' .23 


.18 


.14 


.05 .04 


2" to 9" 


41.42' 14.02 
73 03! 54 71 


1 


1 


.4lj.... 

74 1 


.38' .25 
.67! .44 


'.'46 
.56 


.23 
.41 
.05 
.07 














j 


1 












10" and over 

Per cent 


16.72 
23.24 


16.71 
23. 23 


23.99 5.59 
33. 35 7. 77 


3.33;2.29 
4. 64j3. 18 


.67 
.93 


.90 
1.25 


.34 
.48 


.30 
.41 


.23 
.32 


.18 
.25 


.14 
.19 


.05 
.07 


.04 
.06 



14 WORKIN^G PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



WASTE LAND. 



There are large areas in the Cooper River holdings of the E. P. 
Burton Lumber Company which bear a very open growth of trees of 
small size and poor quality. The largest of these areas is in the eastern 
part of the Hell Hole tract, and contains 2,635 acres. This area, 
termed the Big Savannah, ma}" be taken as a tj^pe of all bays and 
savannahs. Water stands on a great part of these savannahs most 
of the 3^ear. The Big Savannah bears an open growth of small pond 
pines, 35 to 40 feet tall and 6 to 10 inches in diameter, and from 50 to 
60 3"ears old. Mixed with the pines, along the edge of the savannah, 
are small black gums and cypresses. These come up in dense thickets, 
and form, with the underbrush, which is thickest here, an almost 
impassable hedge or border. The underbrush of the savannahs is 
composed of hurrah brush, titi, smilax, devil wood, loblolly, white and 
red bay, and holly. It grows on tussocks raised above the water, as 
do the trees, and this often leaves passageways through the dense 
growth. Grass covers the ground wherever the area is clear of brush, 
so that the land has some value for grazing. 

The soil on this area is a white sand. It is covered with a layer of 
partially decayed vegetable matter 12 to 15 inches deep. Why it bears 
no merchantable timber is not accurately known. An anal^^sis of the 
soil made by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agri- 
culture, showed it minerally capable of tree growth of good character. 
The explanation must therefore be sought in its physical properties, 
which, however, are not very different from those of other samples 
from areas which bear excellent timber. 

VOLUME AND YIELD. 
VOLUME TABLES FOR LOBLOLLY PINE, LONGLEAF PINE, AND CYPRESS. 

Table IV shows the number of board feet obtainable from sound 
loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and cypress trees of different diameters, 
according to the two-thirds log rule. These tables are compiled from 
the scalings of 1,002 felled loblolly pine trees, 278 longleaf pine- trees, 
and 265 cypress trees, and are the tables used in determining the 
number of board feet in standing trees over the tract. 

The volume of hardwoods was obtained from tables made in other 
localities, which will not, therefore, appear in this report. 



YIELD BV BLOCKS. 



15 



Table IY.— Volumes of loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and bald cypress. 



Diam- 
eter 
breast- 
high. 


Lob- 
lolly 
pine. 


Long- 
leaf 
pine. 


Cy- 
press. 


Diam- 
eter 
breast- 
high. 


Lob- 
lolly 
pine. 


Long- 
leaf 
pine. 


Cy- 
press. 


Diam- 
eter 
breast- 
high. 


Lob- 
lolly 
pine. 


Long- 
leaf 
pine. 


I7iches. 

10 

11 

12 

13 


Bd.ft. 
68 
87 
109 
134 
163 
194 
230 
270 
313 
360 
405 
453 
500 
550 


Bd.ft. 
60 
80 
100 
124 
150 
178 
210 
243 
280 
315 
357 
398 
437 
476 


Bd.ft. 
64 
84 
105 
127 
150 
174 
200 
228 
258 
289 
322 
361 
403 
450 


Inches. 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 


Bd.ft. 

599 

649 

699 

750 

803 

859 

917 

978 

1,040 

1,110 

1,180 

1,250 

1,323 

1,400 


Bd.ft. 
515 

655 
597 
640 
688 
735 
779 
823 
870 
915 
964 
1,010 


Bd.ft. 

500 

555 

610 

667 

720 

775 

830 

881 

935 

990 

1,040 

1,094 

1,150 

1,203 


Inches. 

38 

39 

40 

41 


Bd.ft. 
1,479 
1,560 
1,641 


Bd.ft. 


14 


42 






15 


43 






16 


44 






17 


45 






18 


46 






19 


47 






20 


48 






21 


49 


::::::■; 


22 


50 


1 . _ . 


23 









Cy- 
press. 



Bd.ft. 
1,259 
1,312 
1,369 
1,424 
1,480 
1, 538 
1,591 
1,649 
1,701 
1 , 759 
1,815 
1,872 
1,930 



THE YIELD BY BLOCKS. 

With the exception of Hell Hole, none of the Cooper River holdings 
are of great area. Within them there are, however, great ditferences 
in stands of timber and in composition of the forest. For this reason 
the holdings were subdivided into blocks, each of which contains, so far 
as possible, a uniform stand of timber of like composition. No block 
extends from one holding into another, and, when possible to avoid it, 
no swamp land was included in the same block with upland. A com- 
bination of the upland or swamp land blocks in any holding will give 
the total yield of timber on upland or swamp land for that holding, 
and by a combination of those of either kind on all blocks the same 
can be ascertained for the whole tract. 

The yield of timber is estimated for each block separately. Table 
No. V shows the stand in board feet of the most important species 10 
inches and over in diameter breasthigh, by blocks and holdings, and 
Tal)le No. VII shows the same for the whole tract. In order to give 
a more accurate idea of the quality and size of the merchantable timber 
on the tract, the yield of cypress, pines, and yellow poplar is computed 
in Table No. VI for trees between different diameters in each block 
and holding. 

No tables of volume for ash, maple, and hickory being available, the 
jdeld of these species could not be computed. Table No. VIII gives 
the number of trees of each diameter for these species over the whole 
tract. 

The yield of pine and cypress shown in the following tables is based 
upon the two-thirds log rule, the yield of other species upon the Doyle. 
Table No. IX shows the relation these two rules bear to each other. 

No deduction for cull is made in the tables; this figure can best be 
supplied by the company. 

The map accompanying this report shows the division into blocks 
and also the yield per acre of pines and cypress. The average diameter 
and percentage of longleaf pine, loblolly pine, and cypress is also 



16 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. 0. 



indicated by symbols. By using- this map in connection with the yield 
tables, a fairly accurate idea of the timber on any part of the tract 
may be obtained. 

Table V. — Yield from trees 10 inches and over in diameter breasthigh. 
HELL HOLE. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypre.ss. 


Yellow poplar. 


Number 
of block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 

3,317.4 

2, 264. 8 

1,377.6 

2,406.8 

581.6 

366.8 

405.6 

1,087.6 

1, 751. 6 

1,029.6 

812. 

1,175.6 

449.6 

430.8 


Bd.feet. 

3,382 

4,876 

7,510 

4,725 

11, 093 

13, 481 

13,428 

5,116 

8,764 

7,255 

10, 181 

5,999 

3,846 

4,680 


Bd.feet. 
11, 219, 447 
11, 043, 165 
10, 345, 776 
11, 372, 130 
6,451,689 
44, 944, 831 
5,446,397 
5, 564, 162 
1.5,351,022 
7, 469, 748 
8, 266, 972 
7, 052, 424 
1, 729, 162 
2, 016, 144 


Bd.feet. 

1,602 

209 

1,350 

48 

635 


Bd.feet. 

5, 314, 475 
473,343 

1,859,760 
115, 526 
369, 316 


Bd.feet. 

113 
2,698 
1,044 
4,584 
2,690 

876 
1,166 
5, 008 
4, 391 
2, 950 
2,257 
1,652 
1,346 

340 


Bd.feet. 

374, 866 

6,110,430 

1, 438, 214 

11,032,771 

1, 564, 504 

321, 317 

472, 930 

5,446,701 

7, 691, 276 

3,037,320 

1, 832 684 

1,942,091 

605, 162 

146,472 


Bd.feet. 
24 
435 
234 
325 
166 
163 


Bd.feet 
75, 618 


II 


985, 188 


Ill . 


322, 358 


IV 


782, 210 


V 


96, 546 


VI 


59, 788 


VII . - 








VIII 










IX . 


24 


42, 038 


10 


17, 516 


X 




XI 


510 


414, 120 






XII 






XIII 










XIV 


1,585 


682,818 












Total.. 


17,457.4 




108,273,069 




9,27L396 




42,016,738 




2,343,224 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All 
species. 


Number 
of block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 


I 


Acres. 

3, 317. 4 

2, 264. 8 

1,377.6 

2, 406. 8 

681.6 

366.8 

405.6 

1,087.6 

1,751.6 

1, 029. 6 

812.0 

1, 175. 6 

449.6 

430.8 


Bd.ft. 

49 

672 

80 

95 

67 

101 

33 

8 

31 

7 


Bd.ft. 

162, 653 

1,521,946 

110, 208 

228, 646 

38, 967 

37, 047 

13, 385 

8,701 

64,300 

7,207 


Bd.ft. 
226 

1,483 
337 

3,319 
466 
410 
169 

2,153 

2,957 
487 
121 
35 
602 
178 


Bd.ft. 

749,732 

3,358,698 

464, 251 

7, 988, 169 

271, 026 

150, 388 

68,546 

2, 341, 603 

5,179,481 

501, 415 

98,252 

41, 146 

225,699 

76, 682 


Bd.ft. 

37 

470 

123 

86 

16 

76 

52 

1 

106 

20 

9 

3 


Bd.ft. 

122, 744 

1,064,4.56 

169, 445 

206, 985 

9,306 

27,877 

21,091 

1,088 

185, 670 

20, 592 

7,308 

3, 527 


Bd.ft. 

4 

249 

35 


Bd.ft. 

13, 270 

563, 935 

48, 216 


Bd.ft. 
18, 036, 705 


II 


25, 121, 161 


Ill 

IV 


14, 758, 228 
31, 726, 437 


V 






8,801,354 


VI . . . 






5,541,248 


VII 

VIII . 


43 


17, 441 


6,039,790 
13, 362, 265 


IX 

X . 


1 


1,752 


28,523,065 
11,036,282 


XI 






10, 619, 336 


XII 










9, 039, 188 
2, 563, 620 


XIII 


8 
36 


3,697 
15,509 






XIV 


255 


109, 854 


20 


8,616 


3, 056, 095 


Total.. 


17,457.4 




2,202,066 




21,515,088 




1,949,943 




653, 230 


188, 224, 754 



CHAPEL HILL. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. 


Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 

1, 208. 6 
871. 2 
127.4 
613.4 
241.0 


Bd.ft. 
2, 132 
8,917 
10, 630 
10,894 
5, 512 


Bd.ft. 
2, 576, 735 
7, 768, 490 
1, 354, 262 
6,682,380 
1, 328, 392 


Bd.ft. 

2,990 

10 

574 

1,481 


Bd. ft. 
3, 613, 714 

8, 712 

73, 128 

908,445 


Bd.ft. 
816 
2,537 
1,773 
1,338 
1,088 


Bd.ft. 

986,218 
2, 210, 234 
225,880 
820, 729 
262, 208 


Bd.ft. 


Bd. ft. 


II 


1 


871 


Ill 




IV 


8 


4,907 


V 














Total 


3, 061. 6 




19,710,259 




4, 603, 599 




4, 505, 269 





5, 778 



YIELD BY BLOCKS. 17 

Table V. — Yield from trees 10 inches and over in diameter breasthigh — Continued. 
CHAPEL HILL— Continued. 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All 
species. 


Number of 
block. 


Arer- 
Hge 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
acre, j 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 




Acres. 

1,208.6 
871.2 
127.4 
613.4 
241.0 


Bd.ft. 

3 

37 

37 

131 

266 


Bd.ft. 

3,626 
32, 234 

4,714 
80, 355 
64,106 


Bd. ft. 

44 

1,050 

193, 

132 

1,945 


Bd. ft. 
63,'l78 

914, 760 
24, 588 
80, 969 

468, 745 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 
7,233,471 


II 


8 


6,970 




87, 120 


11, 029, 391 


Ill 




1,682,572 


IV 


19 
30 


11, 655 
7, 230 




8,589,440 


V 


7 I 1,687 


2, 132, 368 








Total 


3,061.6 




185, 035 




1,542,240 




25, 855 




88,807 


30, 667, 242 



BATES. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Ac7-es. 
2, 478. 
737.8 


Bd.ft. 
5, 529 
4, 562 


Bd.ft. 
13, 700, 862 
3, 365, 844 


Bd.ft. 

2,882 

30 


Bd.ft. 
7, 141, 596 
22, 134 


Bd.ft. 
1,098 
2,761 


Bd.ft. 
2, 720, 844 
2, 037, 066 


Bd.ft. 

1 

412 


Bd.ft. 
2, 478 


II 


303, 974 


Total 


3,215.8 




17,066,706 




7,163,730 




4,757,910 


306,452 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All spe- 
cies. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 

4^fJ Total 

'per ^''^- 
acre. 


Aver- 

4fe Total 

Ter ^'^'^- 
acre. 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 


I 


Acres. 

2, 478. 

737.8 


Bd.ft. 

54 

5% 


Bd.ft. 
133, 812 


Bd.ft. 
320 


Bd.ft. 
792, 960 
668, 447 


Bd.ft.] Bd.ft. 

59 1 146,202 

1,231 908,232 


M-ft- Bd.ft. 
2 4, 956 
86 63,451 


Bd. ft. 

24, 643, 710 


II 


439, 729 906 


7, 808, 877 










Total 


3,215.8 




573, 541 




1,461,407 1,054,434 




68, 407 


32,452,587 



RIVERS. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. ' Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 
855.2 
144.2 


Bd.ft. 
2, 329 
7,191 


Bd. St. 
1,991,761 
1 036 94^ 


Bd.ft. 
3, 322 
1,543 


Bd.ft. 
2, 840, 974 
222, 501 


Bd.ft. 

380 

1,513 


Bd. ft. 
324", 976 
218, 176 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


li 














Total 


999.4 




3, 028, 703 




3, 063, 475 




543, 151 











31147— No. oG— 05- 



18 WOEKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

Table V. — Yield from free.'i 10 inches and over in diameter hreadhigh — Continued. 



RIVERS— Continued. 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All spe- 
cies. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield by 
"blocks! 


Acres 
I ... 866.2 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 

13 

187 


Bd.ft. 
11, 118 
26, 966 


Bd.ft. 
4 


Bd. ft. 

S 49,1 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd. ft. 
5 172 250 


II 144.2 






9 ! l',298 






],505 881 


Total 
















999.4 








38,083 


4.719 






6,67.s,131 

















McCABE AND INABINETT. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 1 Cypress. 


Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. Bd. ft. 
1,972.8 4.359 


Bd.ft. 
8,599,435 
1,664,832 
4, 273, 127 


Bd.ft. 

1,120 

148 

1,940 


Bd.ft. 
2, 209, 536 
35, 402 
1, 226, 856 


Bd.ft. 

920 
2,912 

811 


Bd. ft. 

1, 814, 976 
696, 550 
512, 876 


Bd.ft. 


Bdft. 


II 


239.2 
632.4 


6,960 
6,757 


414 


99, 029 


Ill 










Total 


2, 844. 4 




14,637,394 




3, 471, 794 




3, 024, 402 




99, 029 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. An|pe- 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 


I 


Acres. 

1,972.8 
239.2 
632.4 


Bd.ft. 

18 
59 
31 


Bd.ft. 
36, 610 
14, 113 
19,604 


Bd.ft. 

163 
2,031 

106 


Bd. ft. 
321, 566 

485, 815 
67, 034 


Bd.ft. 

23 

473 

22 


Bd.ft. 

45, 374 
113, 142 

13,913 


Bd.ft. 

14 

5 


Bd.ft. 

27, 619 

1,196 


Bd.ft. 
13, 054, 016 


II 


3, 110, 079 


Ill 


6,113,410 










Total 


2, 844. 4 




69,227 


' 874,415 




172, 429 




28,816 


22,277,605 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. 


Yellow poph', r. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total • 
yield. 


I . ... 


Aci-es. 

1,696.8 
175.6 
125.6 


Bd. ft. 

2,344 
7,354 
1,583 


Bd.ft. 
3,977,299 
1,291,362 
198, 825 


Bd.ft. 

1,614 

208 

39 


Bd. ft. 
2, 738, 635 
36, 526 
4,898 


Bd.ft. 
281 
600 
367 


Bd.ft. 
476, 801 
105, 360 
44, 839 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


II 






Ill 












Total 


1,998.0 




5,467,486 




2,780,058 




727, 000 













YIELD BY BLOCKS. 



19 



Table V .- -Yield from trees 10 inches and over in diameter breasthigh — Continued. 

HILL — Continued. 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All spe- 
cies. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield by 
block.s. 


I 


Acres. 

1,696.8 
175.6 
126.6 


Bd. ft. 
134 
617 

1,771 


Bd. ft. 
227,371 
90,785 
222,438 


Bd.ft. 
119 
941 
100 


Bd. ft. 

201,919 

165, 240 

12,560 


Bd.ft. 
100 
258 

1,092 


Bd. ft. 
169, 680 
45,305 
137,155 


Bd.ft. 
31 
40 
331 


Bd.ft. 

62, 601 

7,024 

41, 574 


Bd.ft. 
7 844 306 


n 


1 741 601 


Ill 


6go ')89 






Total 


1,998.0 




540,594 




379,719 




352,140 




101, 199 


10, 248, 196 



FISHBROOK. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


C3T)ress. 


Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 

yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 
1,128.6 
575.4 


Bd.ft. 

2,384 
2,980 


Bd. ft. 
2, 690, 582 
1, 714, 692 


Bd. ft. 
696 


Bd. ft. 
671,617 


Bd.ft. 

11 

759 


Bd.ft. 
12,416 
436, 729 


Bd.ft. 
1 

48 


Bd. ft. 
1 129 


II 


27 619 












Total 


1,704.0 




4,405,274 





671,517 i 


449, 144 





28, 748 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All 
species. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 


I 


Acres. 

1,128.6 

575.4 


Bd.ft. 

455 

2,263 


Bd. ft. 

513,513 

1,302,130 


131 


Bd.ft. 
25, 958 
76, 377 


Bd.ft. 

270 
784 


Bd.ft. 
30-1,722 
451, 114 


Bd.ft. 

68 

255 


Bd.ft. 

76, 746 

146, 727 


Bd.ft. 
4,296,681 
4,154,388 


II 




Total 


1,704.0 





1, 815, 643 


1 101,336 


765,836 




223, 472 


8,450,969 



WINDSOR. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. 


Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 
870.4 
137.2 


Bd.ft. 
2,617 
1.769 


Bd.ft. 
2, 190, 797 
242, 707 


Bd.ft. 
423 


Bd. ft. 
368, 179 


Bd.ft. 

36 

1,048 


Bd.ft. 
31,334 

143, 786 


Bd.ft. 
71 


Bd. ft. 
61,798 


II 














Total 


1,007.6 




2, 433, 604 




368, 179 


176,120 


61,798 



20 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

Table V. — Yield from trees 10 inches and over in diameter hrcastldgh — Continued. 

WINDSOR— Continued. 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All spe- 
cies. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 


I 


Aa-es. 
870.4 
137.2 


Bd.ft. 

426 

1, 055 


Bd.ft. 
370, 790 
144, 746 


Bd.ft. 
116 
23 


Bd.ft. 

100, 966 

3,156 


Bd.ft. 

235 

1,195 


Bd. ft. 
204, 544 
163, 954 


Bd. ft. 
189 
393 


Bd.ft. 

164,506 

53, 920 


Bd.ft. 
3, 492, 914 
75'' 269 


II 






Total 


1,007.6 




515, 536 




104, 122 




368, 498 




218, 426 


4,245,183 



PETER MURPHY. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. 


Yellow poplar. 


• Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 
553.0 
178.6 
479.0 
110.8 


Bd. ft. 
4,376 
3,921 
2,432 

10, 226 


Bd. ft. 
2, 419, 928 
700, 291 
1, 164, 928 
1,132,930 


Bd. ft. 
2, 177 


Bd. ft. 
1, 203, 881 


Bd. ft. 

314 

6, 657 

9 

762 


Bd. ft. 

173,642 

1, 188, 940 

4,311 

84, 430 


Bd. ft. 

130 

3 

106 


Bd. ft. 
23 '■'18 


II 


1 437 


Ill 


846 
1, 362 


405, 234 
150, 910 




IV 










Total 


1,321.4 




5,418,077 




1, 760, 025 





1,451,323 




36, 100 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All 
species. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield l)y 
blocks. 


I 


Acres. 
5.53. 
178.6 
479.0 
110.8 


Bd.ft. 

186 

934 

34 

325 


Bd. ft. 

102, 858 

166, 812 

16, 286 

36, 010 


Bd. ft. 
158 
229 
106 

85 


Bd. ft. 

87, 374 

40,899 

50, 774 

9,418 


Bd. ft. 
130 
240 

25 
358 


Bd.ft. 

71,890 
42, 864 
11, 975 
39, 666 


Bd.ft. 
24 

27 

6 

34 


Bd. ft. 

13, 272 
4,822 
2,395 
3,767 


Bd.ft. 

4. 072. 845 

2. 167. 846 
1, 657, 340 
1, 468, 876 


II 


Ill 


IV 




Total 


1,321.4 




321, 966 





188, 465 




166, 395 




24, 2.56 


9, 366, 907 



SILKHOPE, EAST. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. 


Yellow Poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 
1,677.8 
341.4 
84.6 


Bd. ft. 

1,838 

1,796 

745 


Bd. ft. 
3,083,796 
613, 154 

63, 027 


Bd.ft. 

2, 155 
985 
131 


Bd. ft. 
3, 615, 659 
336, 279 
11,083 


Bd.ft. 
225 


Bd. ft. 
11,745 
76, 815 


Bd.ft. 
3 


Bd. ft. 
5," 033 


II 


Ill 












Total 


2,103.8 





3, 759, 977 




3, 963, 021 




88, 560 


' 5,374 



YIELD BY BLOCKS. 



21 



Table V. — Yield from trees 10 inches and over in diameter breastJiigh — Continued. 
SILKHOPE, EAST— Continued. 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All 
species. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 


I 


Acres. 

1, 677. 8 

341.4 

84.6 


Bd.ft. 

Ill 

1,248 

1,948 


Bd.ft. 
186, 236 
426, 067 
164, 801 


Bd. ft. 
49 
19 

48 


Bd. ft. 

82, 212 

6,487 

, 4,061 


Bd.ft. 

73 

123 

311 


Bd.ft. 

122,479 

41, 992 

26, 311 


Bd.ft. 
47 
153 
886 


Bd.ft. 
78, 857 
52,234 
74, 956 


Bd.ft. 
7, 186, 017 


II 


1, 553, 369 


Ill 


344, 239 






Total 


2,103.8 




777,104 




92, 760 




190, 782 





206, 047 


9,083,625 



SILKHOPE, WEST. 





Area. 


Lobolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. Cypress. 


Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 

yield. 


I 


Acres. 
637.2 
25.0 


Bd.ft. 

6,296 

191 


Bd.ft. 
4,011,811 

4,775 


Bd. ft. 
873 


Bd.ft. 

.556. 276 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


11 




















Total 


662.2 


4,016,586 


556,276 


















i 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. ^^\|f- 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 


I 


Acres. 

637.2 

25.0 


Bd.ft. 
331 


Bd.ft. 
210, 913 


Bd.ft. 
42 


Bd.ft. 
26, 762 


Bd.ft. 
91 


Bd.ft. 

57, 985 


Bd.ft. 
49 


Bd.ft. Bd.ft. 
31,223 ! 4.894.970 


II 




4,775 




















Total 


662. 2 




210,913 





26, 762 




67,985 




31, 223 


4, 899, 745 



LIMERICK. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. 


Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 
yield 
"per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 
185.8 

1,295.8 
256.6 
999.4 


Bd.ft. 
2,811 
1,694 
1,204 
1,574 


Bd.ft. 

522,284 
2, 195, 085 

308, 946 
1,573,057 


Bd.ft. 
1,743 

3,686 

5,403 

823 


Bd.ft. 

323,849 
4, 776, 319 
1, 386, 410 

R0.9 hn7 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


II 






3 


3,887 


Ill 








IV 


94 


93,943 














Total 


2,737.6 




4, 599, 372 


7,309,507 




93,943 


3,887 



22 



WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



Table V. — Yield from trees -10 inches and over in diameter breasthigh — Continued. 

LIMERICK— Continued. 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


AUspecies. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 

^"'^ ! y^efd^ 
per y^^*"- 

acre. , 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 

yield by 

blocks. 


I 


Aci-es. 
185. 8 

1, 295. 8 
256. 6 
999.4 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 
846, 133 


II 


7 


9,C71 


48 
89 
89 


62, 198 
10, 007 

88, 947 


13 

2 
208 


16,845 12 


15,550 


7, 078, 9.55 


Ill 


513 

207,875 




1,705,876 
3. 426. i)4,S 


IV 


370 


369, 778 


271 


270, 837 






Total 


2, 737. 6 




378, 849 




161, 152 




225, 233 




286,387 j 13,057,907 



RODGERS. 





Area. 


Loblolly pine. | Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. 


Yellow poplar. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

jield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


I 


Acres. 
489.4 
97.4 


Bd. ft. 
1,865 
2,953 


Bd. ft. 
907, 837 
287, 622 


Bd.ft. 
1,259 


Bd. ft. 
616, 155 


Bd.ft. 
312 


Bd. ft. 
152. 693 


Bd.ft. 


Bd.ft. 


II 


6, 828 665, 047 


178 


17, 337 












Total 


586.8 




1,195,459 




616, 155 


817, 740 




17,337 





Area. 


Red gum. 


Black gum. 


Black oak. 


White oak. 


All 
species. 


Number of 
block. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 

Bd.ft. 

34 

2,604 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 
yield 
"per 
acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Aver- 
age 

yield 
per 

acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Total 
yield by 
blocks. 


I 


Acres. 

489.4 

97.4 


Bd.ft. 

59 

217 


Bd.ft. 

28,875 
21,136 


Bd.ft. 

16, 640 

253, 630 


Bd.ft. 

46 

1,085 


Bd.ft. 
22, 512 
105, 679 


Bd.ft. 
53 
664 


Bd.ft. 
25, 938 
64, 674 


Bdff. 
1,770,650 


II 


1,41-5,125 






Total 


586.8 




50, Oil 




270, 270 




128, 191 




90, 612 


3, 185, 775 



YIELD BETWEEN DIFFERENT DIAMETERS. 



Table VI shows the yield of loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and cypress 
by blocks and by holdings between different diameters. Since, as a 
rule, the size of the tree is an indication of the quality of timber it 
will yield, it is thought that this table will give a better idea of the 
money value of the present 3ueld than Table V, which shows the 
yield from all trees 10 inches and over diameter breasthigh. 



YIELD BETWEEN DIFFEKENT DIAMETERS. 

Table VI. — Yields from various holdmys. 
TOTAL YIELD FROM HELL HOLE HOLDING. 



23 



Block 

No. 


Cutting limit diameter 
breasthigh. 


Loblolly 
pine. 


Longleaf 
pine. 


Both pines. 


Bald cypress. 


Yellow 
poplar. 


I 


Inches. 
10-14 


Board feet. 
2, 275, 736 
3,284,226 
2, 713, 633 
2, 945, 851 


Board feet. 

2,418,385 

2, 152, 993 

587, 180 

155, 918 


Board feet. 
4, 694, 121 
5, 437, 219 
3, 300, 813 
3,101,769 


Board feet. Board feet. 




15-18 


1 291, 931 
1 82,986 


46, 444 




19-21 






22 and over 


33, 174 




Total 






11,219,446 


6, 314, 476 


16, 533, 922 


374, 866 


79 618 




10-14 




II. 


1,243,375 
2, 529, 782 
2, 099, 470 
5, 170, 538 


106, 446 

208, 362 

88, 327 

70,209 


1, 349, 821 
2, 738, 144 
2,187,797 
5, 240, 747 


1 2, 049, 644 
[ 4, 060, 786 






15-18 


242,334 




19-21 








742, 854 




Total 






11,043,166 


473, 344 




6,110,430 


985 188 




10-14 






Ill 


1,976,856 
2, 905, 358 
2, 594, 021 
2, 869, 541 


513, 845 
779, 722 
373, 330 
192, 864 


2, 490, 701 
3, 685, 080 
2,967,351 
3, 062, 405 


l 4S6, 293 
\ 951, 922 






15-18 


44,083 




19-21 








278, 275 




Total 






10, 345, 776 


1, 859, 761 


12, 205, 537 


1,438,215 


322 358 




10-14 




IV. 


1, 352, 622 
3,189,010 
3, 039, 788 
3, 790, 710 


21, 661 

■ 26, 475 

45, 729 

21, 661 


1, 374, 203 
3, 215, 485 
3, 085, 517 
3, 812, 371 


1 5, 015, 771 
I 6, 017, 000 






15-18 


113, 120 




19-21 






22 and over 


669, 090 




Total 






11, 372, 130 


115, 526 


11, 487, 656 


11,032,771 


78'> ''lO 




10-14 




V 


1,452,837 
2, 134, 472 
1, 349, 894 
1,514,486 


193, 091 
105, 270 

17, 448 
53, 507 


1, 645, 928 
2,239,742 
1,367,342 
1,567,993 


} 1,168,434 
j- 396, 070 






15-18 


8,142 




19-21 








88, 403 




Total 






6, 451, 689 


369, 316 


6,821,005 


1,564,504 


96 645 




10-14 




VI 


573, 308 
1, 140, 014 
1, 303, 607 
1,927,901 




573, 308 
1,140,014 
1, 303, 607 
1,927,901 


} 60, 889 
} 260, 428 






15-18 




20, 541 




19-21 








22 and over 




39, 248 




Total 








4,944,830 




4,944,830 


321, 317 


59, 789 




10-14 






VII 


826, 613 
1, 286, 158 
1, 424, 873 
1,908,754 




826, 613 
1,286,158 
1,424,873 
1,908,754 


} 365, 040 
} 107, 890 






15-18 












19-21 








22 and over 












Total 








5, 446, 398 




5, 446, 398 


472, 930 






10-14 






VIII 


.S52, 678 
1,732,547 
1, 414, 968 
1, 563, 9G9 




852, 678 
1, 732, 547 
1,414,968 
1,563,969 


1 3, 787, 023 
1 1, 659, 678 






15-18 












19-21 








.22 and over 












Total 








6,564,162 




5,564,162 


6, 446, 701 






10-14 






IX 


1,672,778 
2, 965, 459 
3, 468, 168 
7, 244, 618 


1,752 
5, 255 

5, 255 
29, 777 


1, 674, 530 
2,970,714 
3, 473, 423 
7, 274, 396 


1 3, 406, 862 
1 4,284,414 






15-18 






19-21 






22 and over 






Total 






15, 351, 023 


42, 039 


15, 393, 062 


7, 691, 276 


17,516 




10-14 




X 


1,477,476 
2,095,236 
1,642,212 

2,254,824 




1,477,476 
2, 096, 236 
1, 642, 212 
2, 254, 824 


\ 2,315,570 
1 721, 750 






15-18 












19-21 








22 and over 












Total 








7, 469, 748 




7, 469, 748 


3, 037, 320 






10-14 






XI 


2,954,868 
2,725,072 
1,151,416 
1,435,616 


159, 964 
210, 308 

43,848 


3, 114, 832 
2, 935, 380 
1, 195, 264 
1,435,616 


•V 1 




15-18 


t 1, 284, 584 
1 548, 100 










19-21 






22 and over 










Total 








S, 266, 972 


414, 120 


. 8,681,092 


1, 832, 684 











24 



WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



Table VI. — Yields from carious holdings— Contmued. 
TOTAL YIELD FROM HELL HOLE HOLDING— Continued. 



Block 
No. 


Cutting limit diameter 
breasthigh. 


Loblolly 
pine. 


Longleaf 
pine. 


Both pines. 


Bald cypress. J-ellow 


XII 


Inches. 
10-14 


Board feet. 

4,637,742 

1, 669, 352 

457, 308 

288, 022 


Board feet. 


Board feet. 
4,637,742 


Board feet. 
1 1, 445, 988 

i 496, 103 


Buard feet. 




15-18 










457, 308 
288, 022 






19-21 




















Total 










7, 052, 424 




7, 052, 424 


1,942,091 






10 14 , 






XIII 


536, 373 




536, 373 


1 571,442 
1 33, 720 






15-18 














19-21 


401, 043 




401,043 






22 and over 














Total 






1,729,162 1 1 1,729,162 


605, 162 




XIV .. 


10-14 




142, 595 

364, 457 

308,453 

1, 200, 640 


156,380 ! 298,975 
238,232 i 602,689 
146,903 : 455,356 
141,302 1 1,341,942 


1 78, 836 
} 67, 636 




15-18 






19-21 














Total 


2, 016, 145 


682, 817 •^. 698. 962 


146, 472 

















TOTAL YIELD FROM CHAPEL HILL HOLDING. 



I. 


10-14 


734, 829 
657, 478 
540, 244 
644, 184 


2, 470, 378 
951, 168 
154, 701 

37,467 


3, 205, 207 

1, 608, 646 
694, 945 
681, 651 


} 
} 


748,123 
238, 094 






1.5-18 










19-21 






22 and over 

Total 

10-14 

15-18 

19-21 










2, 576, 736 


3,613,714 


6, 190, 449 


986, 217 








11 


631, 620 
1,691,870 
2, 056, 903 
3, 388, 097 


8,712 


640, 332 
1,691,870 
2, 056, 903 
3,388,097 


} 


1,612,591 
597, 643 


871 




22 and over 

Total .. . 








7, 768, 490 


8, 712 


7, 777, 202 




2,210,234 


871 




10-14 




Ill 


268, 814 
284, 612 
444,244 
356, 593 


35, 162 
17,963 

20,' 662' 


303, 976 
302, 575 
444, 244 
376, 595 


i 


162, 180 
63, 700 






15-18 










19-21 

22 and over . 










Total 






1,354,263 


73, 127 


1, 427, 390 


225, 880 






10-14 

15-18 

19-21 




IV 


913, 353 
1, 716, 293 
1, 526, 139 
2, 526, 595 


344, 117 

321,422 

99, 984 

142, 922 


1,2,57,470 
2, 037, 715 
1, 626, 123 
2, 669, 517 


i 


617,080 
203, 649 


4,907 




22 and over 










Total 

10-14 

15-18 

19-21 






0, 682, 380 


908, 445 


7, 590, 825 


820, 729 


4,907 


V 


274, 981 
250, 399 
201,476 
601, 536 




274, 981 
250, 399 
201, 476 
601, 536 


! 


194, 969 
67,239 


























Total 








1,328,392 




1, 328, 392 


262, 208 













TOTAL YIELD FROM LIMERICK HOLDING. 





10 14 


448, 521 

69, 489 

4,274 


86, 954 

151,613 

57, 971 

27, 313 


535, 475 

221, 102 

62, 245 








15-18 








19-21 . .. 










27,313 









Total 










522, 284 


323,851 


846, 135 








10-14 






I 


1,026,274 
698,253 
241,019 
234, .540 


1,850,403 

1, 578, 284 

759, 339 

588, 293 


. 2, 876, 677 

2,271,537 

1,000,358 

822, 833 





3,887 




15-18 








19 21 
















Total 








2, 195, 086 


4,776,319 


6,971,405 




3,887 















YIELD BEL WEEN DIFFEEENT DIAMETERS. 



25 



Table VI. — Yiekh from various holdings — Continued. 
TOTAL YIELD FROM LIMERICK HOLDING— Continued. 



Block 
No. 


Cutting limit diameter 
breasthigh. 


Loblolly 
pioe. 


Longleaf 
pine. 


Both pines. 


Bald cypress, jello^ 


Ill 


Inches. 
10-14 


Board feet. 

53,886 

97, 765 

54, 912 

102,383 


Board feet. 
303,045 
426, 726 
161, 145 
495, 495 


Board feet. 
366, 931 
524, 491 
216, 057 
597,878 


Board feet. 


Board feet. 




15-18 








19-21 








22 and over 








Total 








308, 946 


1,386,411 


1, 695, 357 






10-14 






IV 


477, 713 
455, 726 
298, 821 
340, 795 ^ 


361, 783 

323, 806 

109, 934 

26, 984 


839, 496 
779, 532 
408, 755 
367, 779 


1 17,988 
} 75,954 






15-18 










19-21 












Total 






1, 573, 055 


822,507 2 395.562 


93,942 

















TOTAL YIELD FROM RODGERS 


HOLDING. 








I.... 


10-14 


235, 401 
195, 760 
127, 243 
349, 432 


114, 030 

205,548 

82, 218 

214, 357 


349, 431 
401,308 
209, 461 
563, 789 


} 
} 


44,046 
108,646 










• 


19-21 












Total 






907, 836 


616, 153 


1, 523, 989 


152, 692 






10-14 




n 


19, 285 
30, 194 
97, 790 
140, 353 




19, 285 
30, 194 
97, 790 
140,353 


! 


142,788 
522,259 






15 18 








19-21 










17, .337 




Total 








287, 622 




287, 622 


665, 047 


17 337 











TOTAL YIELD FROM WINDSOR HOLDING. 








I 


10-14 


299. 418 
396, 032 

346. 419 
1, 148, 928 


139, 264 

138, 394 

61, 798 

28, 723 


438, 682 

534, 426 

408, 217 

1,177,651 


} 


31, 334 






15-18 


870 




19-21 


1 60, 928 










Total 






2, 190, 797 


368, 179 


2, 5.58, 976 


31,334 


61 798 




10-14 




II 


115, 797 
73, 539 
14, 418 
38, 553 




115, 797 
73, .539 
14,818 
38, 553 


} 
} 


76, 695 

67, 091 






16-18 

19-21 












:"":": 














Total 








242, 707 




242, 707 


143,786 















TOTAL YIELD FROM PETER MURPHY HOLDING. 






I 


10-14 


405, 349 
691, 803 
496, 041 
826, 735 


633, 738 

407,008 

100, 093 

63, 042 


1,039,087 

1, 098, 811 

596, 134 

889, 777 


} 

I 
J 


55, 853 
117, 789 






15 18 






19-21 






22 and over 










Total 






2,419,928 


1,203,881 


3, 623, 809 


173, 642 






10-14 




n 


58, 581 
115, 5.54 
170, 384 
355, 771 




58, 581 
115, 554 
170, 384 
355, 771 


} 
1 


600, 453 

588, 487 






15-18 




16, 253 




19-21 








22 and over 




6,965 




Total 








700, 290 




700,290 


1, 188, 940 


23 218 




10-14 






m 


390, 385 
311,3.50 
224, 172 
239, 021 


164, 776 

145, 616 

77, .598 

17, 244 


5.55, 101 
4.56, 960 
301,770 
256,265 


} 


4,311 






15-18 


1,437 




19-21 






22 and over 








Total 






1,164,928 


405, 234 


1,, 570, 162 


4,311 


1 437 




10-14 




iT 


130, 522 
271, 903 
326, 971 
403, 534 


17, 396 
32, 132 

18, 947 
82,435 


147, 918 
304, 035 
345, 918 
485, 969 


! 


35,788 
48, 641 






15-18 


7,202 




19-21 






22 and over 

Total 


4,543 




1, 132, 930 


150,910 


1,283,840 


84,429 


11, 745 







31147— No. 56—05- 



26 



WORKINa PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



Table ^^I. — Yields from various holdings — Continued. 
TOTAL YIELD FROM BATES HOLDING. 



Block 
No. 


Cutting limit diameter 
breasthigh. 


Loblolly 
pine. 


Longleaf 
pine. ■ 


Botb pines. 


Bald cypress. 


Yellow 
poplar. 


I 


Inches. 
10-14 


Board feet. 
3, 127, 236 
3,521,238 


Board feet. 
4, 123, 392 

2, 502, 780 
386, 668 
128, 856 


Board feet. 
7, 260, 628 
6,024,018 
3, 144, 582 
4,423,230 


Board feet. 
\ 2, 061, 696 

1 659, 148 


Board feet. 




15-18 


2,478 




19-21 

22 and over 

Total 

10-14 

15-18 

19-21 

22 and over 


2, 758, 014 
4, 294, 374 










13, 700, 862 


7,141,596 


20,842,458 


2,720,844 


2,478 


II 


140, 182 

510, 558 

803, 464 

1,911,640 


16, 232 
5,902 


156, 414 

516, 460 

803, 464 

1,911,640 


} 

} 


644, 099 
1, 392, 966 


59, 762 






244, 212 




Total 










3, 365, 844 


22, 134 


3, 387, 978 


2, 037, 065 


303, 974 


TOTAL YIELD FROM RIVERS HOLDING. 


I 


10-14 


479, 767 
572, 984 
397, 668 
541,342 


1, 536, 794 
981, 770 
260, 836 

61,574 


2, 016, 561 

1,554,754 

658, 504 

602, 916 


1 2.53, 139 
1 71, 837 






15-18 






19-21 












Total 






1, 991, 761 


•?_ 840. 974 


4, 832, 735 


324, 976 






10-14 






II 


107, 862 
269, 077 
214, 858 
445, 145 


105, 843 
80, 608 
24,370 
11, 680 


213, 705 
349,685 
239, 22S 
456, 825 


} 

} 


198,852 
19,323 












19-21 












Total 






1,036,942 


222,501 1,259,443 


218, 175 










TOTAL YIELD FROM McCABE & INABINETT HOLDING. 


I 


10-14 


2, 071, 440 
2, 175, 998 
1, 499, 328 
2, 852, 669 


1, 085, 040 
686, 534 
218, 981 
218, 981 


3,156,480 1 
2,862,632 )/ 
1,718,309 '1 


1, 219, 190 
595, 786 






15-18 










19-21 








3,071,650 


/ 










Total 






S, 599, 435 


2,209,536 1 10,808,971 


1,814,976 






10-14 




11 


87,547 
232,263 
378, 414 
966, 607 


30,857 
4,545 


118, 404 
236, 808 
378,414 
966, 007 


} 
} 


196, 622 
499, 928 






15-18 


12, 199 




19-21 






22 and over 




86, 830 




Total 








1, 664, 831 


35, 402 


1, 700, 233 


696, 550 


99 029 




10-14 




Ill 


1,248,990 

1,221,164 

861, 329 

241,644 


516, 671 
412, 957 
144, 187 
163, 041 


1,765,661 
1, 634, 121 
1,005,516 
1, 094, 685 


r 
} 


190, 985 
321, 892 






15-18 










19-21 






22 and over 










Total 






4, 273, 127 


1,226,856 


5,499,983 


.512,877 










TOTAL Y'lELD FROM HILL HOLDING. 


I 


10-14 


1,087,649 1,257,329 
882, 336 868, 762 
592, 183 412, 322 

1,415,131 200,222 


2, 344,978 
1,751,098 
1,004,505 
1, 615, 353 


} 
} 


257, 914 
218, 887 






15-18 






19-21 






22 and over 










Total 

10-14 






3, 977, 299 2, 738, 635 


6, 715, 934 


476, 801 




II 


124, 8.52 
155, 757 
223, 012 
787, 742 




124,862 il 


105, 360 






15-18 


17, 736 
11, 940 

6, 848 


173,493 
234, 962 

794, 590 


J 










19-21 






22 and over 








Total , 








1,291,363 


36, 524 


1,327,887 


105, 360 






10-14 




Ill 


35, 670 

49, 486 

13, 439 

100, 229 




35, 670 

54, 384 

13, 439 

100, 229 


} 
! 


11,932 
32, 907 






15-18 

19-21 


4,898 






















Total 








198,824 


4,898 


203, 722 


44, 839 





TOTAL YIELD BY SPECIES. 

Table VI. — Yields from I'arioit.'^ holdings — Continued. 
TOTAL YIELD FROM FISHBROOK HOLDING. 



27 



Block 
No. 


Cntting limit diameter 
breasthigh. 


Loblolly 
pine. 


Longleaf 
pine. 


Both pines. 


Bald 


cypres.s. 


Yellow, 
poplar. 


I 


Inches. 
10-14 


Board feet. 

347, 609 

644, 431 

523, 670 

1,174,873 


Board feet. 

425,482 

165, 904 

54, 173 

25, 958 


Board feet. 

773,091 

810, 335 

577, 843 

1,200,831 


Board feet, 
j 5, 643 

} 6, 772 


Board feet. 




15-18 

19-21 


1,129 










Total 




* 


2, 690, 583 

.. - . 


671,517 


3,362,100 




12,415 






10-14 




II 


52, 937 

189, 307 

314, 744 

1, 157, 705^ 




52, 937 

189, 307 

314, 744 

1, 157, 705 


i 


227,283 
209, 446 






15-18 




3, 452 




19-21 ... 








22 and over 




24, 167 




Total 








1,714,693 




1,714,693 




436, 729 


27, 619 









TOTAL YIELD FROM SILKHOPE, EAST, HOLDING. 



I 


10-14 


555, 352 

744, 943 

587, 230 

1,196,271 


1, 684, 511 

1, 494, 920 

286, 904 

149,324 


2, 239, 863 

2, 239, 863 

874, 134 

1 .'?45 rtQh 


1 






15-18 


1 5,033 

{• 11,745 




19-21 








Total 






3, 083, 796 


3, 615, 659 


6, t)99 455 1 1 "TdF, 1 fl nsa 




10-14 






II 


108, 907 
44, 723 
130,415 
329, 110 


164, 213 

124, 952 

38, 920 

8,194 


273, 120 
169, 075 
169, 335 
337, 304 


1 71, 353 341 
1 . ,.„ 




15-18 




19-21 






> 5, 462 






Total 






613, 155 


336, 279 


949, 434 


76, 815 


341 




10-14 




Ill 


21,235 
2,284 
9,052 

30, 456 


1,184 
6,176 
3, 722 


22, 419 

8,460 

12, 774 

30, 456 








15-18 








19-21 








22 and over 








Total 










63, 027 


11,082 


74, 109 















TOTAL YIELD FROM SILKHOPE, WEST, HOLDING. 



I 


10-14 

15-18 

19-21 


763, 366 
1,078,142 

649, 307 
1,520,996 


153, 565 

285, 466 

73, 915 

43,330 


916, 931 
1,363,608 

723, 222 
1,564,326 














22 ana over 






Total 






4,011,811 


5.56, 276 


4, 568, 087 






10-14 

15-18 






II 


[ 4, 775 




4,775 






19-21 

22 and over 

Total 












4,775 




4,775 















TOTAL YIELD FOR TRACT BY SPECIES. 

Table VII shows the total number of board feet of lumber over the 
whole tract b}^ species. This table includes all trees 10 inches and 
over in diameter breasthigh. It is seen that the stand of loblolly 
pine exceeds that of all the other species combined. 



28 WOEKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

Table VII. — Total yield for tract of trees 10 inches and orer in diameter breasthigh. 



Species. 


Yield. 


Log rule. 


Species. 


Yield. 


Log rule. 




Board feet. 

193, 911, 867 

45, 598, 711 

58, 550, 299 

2, 908, 027 

7, 640, 485 


Two-thirds. 

Do. 

Do. 
Doyle. 

Do. 


Black gum 


Board feet. 
26,755,818 
5, 452, 440 
2, 020, 881 


Doyle. 


Longleaf pine 




Do. 


White oak 


Do. 


Yellow poplar 


Total 




342,838,528 











NUMBER OF TREES OF EACH DIAMETER OF ASH, MAPLE, AND HICKORY 
ON THE WHOLE TRACT. 

Table VIII shows the number of ash, maple, and hickory trees 10 
inches and over in diameter breasthigh over the whole tract. This 
table is given to show, in a general wa.j, the amount of timber avail- 
able from these species, lack of volume tables making it impossible to 
give their volume in board feet. 

Table VIII. — Stand of ash, maple, and hickory over the whole tract. 



Diameter breast- 
high. 



Inches 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 



Total number of trees on 
the tract. 



Ash. i Maple. 



3,029 

2,636 

1,842 

1,711 

1,588 

1,183 

794 

528 

528 

528 

262 



18, 282 
9,480 

12, 363 
8,027 
7,229 
6,177 
5,522 
4,728 
3,815 
2,497 
2,231 



Hick- 



1,199 
802 
933 
667 
532 
528 
266 
266 
135 
266 



Diameter breast- 
high. 



Total. 



Total number of trees on 
the tract. 



Ash. Maple. 



262 
135 
131 



15, 157 



1, 445 
1,048 
659 
528 
393 
131 
131 
131 
131 



84,948 



Hick- 
ory. 



266 
266 



131 



6,257 



COMPARISON OF TWO-THIRDS AND DOYLE RULES. 

Table IX shows the total yield for each holding from the three most 
important species — loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and cypress — scaled 
both by the two-thirds and by the Doyle log rules. In each case the 
scale by the two-thirds rule is far in excess of that by the Doyle rule. 



LUMBEEING. 



29 



Table IX. — Comparison of total yield from ItokUmjs hij two-thirds and Doyle rules. 





Loblolly pine. 


Longleaf pine. 


Cypress. 


Excess by 
Two- 
thirds 
rule. 


Name of holding. 


Two-thirds 
rule. 


Doyle rule. 


Two-thirds 
rule. 


Doyle rule. 


Two-thirds 
rule. 


Doyle rule. 


Hell Hole 

Chapel Hill 

Bates 


Bd.ft. 

108,273,069 

19, 710, 259 

17, 066, 7(t6 
3, 028, 703 

14,537,394 
5, 467, 486 
4,405,274 
2, 433, 504 
5,418,077 
3, 759, 977 
4,016,586 
4, 599, 372 
1,195,460 


Bd.ft. 
87,784,270 
16,524,720 
14,177,384 
2, 466, 156 

11, 673, 604 
4,558,413 
3, 729, 679 
2,123,614 
4, 445, 166 
3,14.5,451 
3.354,484 
3, 258, 258 
993, 555 


Bd. ft. 
9,271,396 
4, 603, 999 
7, 163, 730 
3, 063, 475 

3,471,794 

2,780,048 


Bd.ft. 
6,227,870 
2,721,189 
4,270,484 
1,869,551 

2, 235, 991 

1 . 820. 777 


Bd.ft. 

42,016,738 

4, 505, 269 

4, 757, 910 
543, 151 

3,024,402 
627, 000 
449, 144 
175, 120 

1, 451, 323 
88, 560 


Bd.ft. 

32, 293, 301 

3,004,187 

3, 593, 342 

342, 924 

2, 360, 200 
452, 1.52 
346. 766 
122, 687 

1, 192, 418 
68, 387 


Bd.ft. 
33, 255, 762 
6, 569, 431 
6,947,136 
1,956,698 


McCabe & Inab- 


4, 763, 795 


Hill 


2, 043. 192 


Fishbrook 


671,517 399,524 

368,179 253,286 
1,760,025 1,137,241 
3, 9(53, 021 2, 708, 708 

556, 276 394, 427 
7,309,085 5,102,772 

618, 156 487, 932 


1,049,966 
477,216 


Peter Murphy . . . 
Silkhope, East . . 
Silkhope, West.. 

Limerick 

Rodgers 


1,854,000 

1,889.012 

823, 951 


93, 943 
817, 739 


87, 947 
773, 950 


3, 553, 423 
373. 918 






Total 


193,911,867 


158,234,754 


45,598,711 29,629,752 


58,550,299 


44,638,261 


65, 558, 110 



LUMBERING. 

When lumbering operations began uncier the present owners, the 
only lands on which lumbering had been done were those bearing a 
considerable stand of longleaf pine. These lands were cut over from 
ten to fifteen years ago, when, owing to the low stumpage prices and 
the high cost of transporting logs, only the sound and largest trees 
were removed. As a consecjuence a good stand of thrifty 3^oung trees 
remains on some of the longleaf pine lands. The bulk of these old 
cut-over lands, however, have, as a result of this first lumbering and 
the tires that followed it, a ver}" open stand of longleaf. Since the 
present owners have commenced operations on the tract cutting has 
been mainl}' confined to the lobloll}" pine lands, which were in virgin 
forest. These lands are now being cut over at the rate of about 
20,000,000 board feet per year to supply the company's mill, and it is 
the intention of the owners to continue cutting at this rate until the 
lands are all logged over. 

Under present methods luml^ering is very close and there is little 
waste. Practically all pine down to 12 inches in diameter breasthigh 
is removed, and trees smaller than this are often taken. With the 
exception of yellow poplar, no hardwoods are cut. Since nearly all 
lands support at least a sparse growth of hardwoods, cut-over areas 
have a very open growth of hardwoods, with pine scattered through 
them . 

Lumbering is now done almost entireh' by railroad and steam 
skidders. Spurs are run out from the main tramway at intervals of 
about one-fourth of a mile, and skidders snake the logs from the 
stump to the track and load them on the cars. Timber carts are some- 
times used when logs from a small area of timber, out of reach of a 
spur, can be more economically got out thus than by Vjuildingnew track. 

Owing to the flatness of the country, very little grading has to be 



30 



WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



done when putting down track, but much trouble is caused by the 
large number of marshy places, where the track sinks. The rails and 
ties used in building the spurs are taken up as soon as the timber is 
removed and laid over again elsewhere. The frequent spiking soon 
renders the ties useless, but the rails last for many years. Young 
timber is used to a large extent for the ties, track corduroy, and 
firewood. 

Table X shows the number of trees of each species left per acre 
after cutting on a part of Fishbrook holding. For this table hard- 
woods were- measured to 10 inches and softwoods to 2 inches in 
diameter breasthigh. Of the 36.78 loblolly pine trees left on each 
acre, 12.5 are over 5 inches in diameter and 3.36 are over 10 inches in 
diameter. Since nearly every loblolly pine tree left standing should 
be large enough to cut at the next rotation, the basis for a good 
second cut is already on the ground. 

Table X. — Stand per acre of softwoods 2 inches and over, and of hardwoods 10 inches and 
over in diameter breasthigh, left after lumbmng on Fishbrook. 



Species. 



Loblolly pine. 

Ked gum 

Black oakis . . . 
White oaks . . . 
Shortleat" pine 
Black gum . . . 
Red maple . . . 
Dead pines . . . 

Cedar 

Beech 



Number 
of trees. 


Percent. 


36.78 


67.70 


8.52 


15. 68 


1.91 


3.51 


1.46 


2.69 


.83 


1.53 


.83 


1.53 


.68 


1.26 


.67 


1.23 


.67 


1.23 


.60 


1.10 



Species. 



Hickories 

Longleaf pine. 

Cypress 

Elms 

Ashes 

Yellow poplar 
Spruce pine . . . 

Total.... 



Number 
of trees. 



0.59 
.25 
.19 
.14 
.12 
.06 
.03 



54.33 



Percent. 



1.09 
.46 
.35 
.26 
.22 
.11 
.06 



MARKET AND TRANSPORTATION. 



An excellent system for the transportation of logs from the woods 
to the mill is now in operation. Logs are carried to the landing on 
Cooper River b}^ rail, at which point they are bundled or made into 
rafts and towed down the river to the mill, 40 miles below. This 
system of transportation is effective and cheap. The cost of transport- 
ing logs from the stump to the mill for the jQ2iV 1902 was $2.79 per 
1,000 board feet. In any system of water transportation a great many 
logs sink, and are either lost entirely or recovered at heavy cost. A 
deceased manager of the company devised a scheme whereb}^ such loss 
in Cooper River is largeW eliminated. A trestle is built out into the 
river and the carloads of logs run out upon it. Two chains are then 
fastened to the trestle below the cars, passed down into the water, and 
again attached to a windlass on a framework above the trestle. As 
the logs are thrown into the water they are caught in the loops of the 
chain, and when a sufficient number to make up a bundle has been 
thrown off the cars the chains are tightened and the logs bound 
together. By this means the lighter logs float the heavier, and no 



FIRE. 31 

loss occurs unless the logs loosen in the bundle and slip out. This 
seldom happens. 

The mill is situated in a seaport town, so that facilities are excellent 
for export trade, and a large amount of the best grades of timber is 
exported to England, Scotland, Germany, and Holland. The bulk of 
the timber manufactured is still, however, sold in this country. The 
market for loblolly pine, the chief timber tree on the tract, is a con- 
stantly increasing one, and though the longleaf pine lumber brings 
better prices, the more rapid growth of the former species makes it 
the more profitable one to grow in the future. 

FIRE. 

Adequate protection from fire is essential to the conservative man- 
agement of the timberlands of the E. P. Burton Lumber Company. 

Fire has passed over nearly every acre of land owned by the com- 
pan}^, and fires will continue to be common unless drastic measures are 
taken to prevent them. Ever since the settlement of this country it has 
been customary to burn over the pine lands in earl}^ spring, to improve 
pasturage and prevent the growth of underbrush. This custom is now 
acknowledged by many of the inhabitants to be shortsighted, but 
there is still a lack of active opposition to the practice, and fires con- 
tinue to be set by negroes and people not interested in lumbering or 
agriculture. The tall growth of grass under the open stands of pine 
makes the starting of fires very easy; many are consequently acci- 
dental in origin. 

EFFECT ON THE SOIL. 

In consequence of these repeated fires, humus and leaf litter are 
largely wanting on the uplands. Swamps and bottoms have been 
harmed little, for they are seldom dry enough to burn, but even here 
fires have occurred in the past, and only a dry season is necessary for 
them to occur again. 

EFFECT ON STANDING TREES. 

The surface or grass fires do not kill the large trees, but by burning 
up all of the leaves, needles, and twigs on the ground they rob the soil 
of its natural fertilizer. What efl'ect this has on the development of 
trees which are not killed can only be conjectured, but it certainly 
lessens their rapidity of growth. 

Many standing trees are killed each year by fires. Owing to the 
thick bark of both loblolly and longleaf pine, these trees resist fire to 
a remarkable degree, and a tree not previouslv injured seldom suc- 
cumbs to a grass fire. Slash fires, however, are sometimes so intense 
that they kill trees outright, particularly small ones. Hardwoods are 



32 WORKING PLAIST, LANDS IN BEKKELEY COUNTY, S. 0. 

not easily killed b}^ grass fires after they reach a diameter of 6 or <$ 
inches, though the}^ are mucn more susceptible than pines. \ 

The boxing for turpentine of both longleaf and loblolly pine has\ 
done much to make fire disastrous to standing timber. The wood in 
these boxes is fatty, or full of pitch, and tire catches easil}" and burns \ 
intensely in it. Trees that have been boxed are often killed outright \ 
or so badly burned that the}" are thrown by the first heavj" wind. 
Trees injured by fire, whether previously boxed or not, are often 
attacked b}^ fungi, which weaken them and make them liable to windfall. 

Fire afl'ects the merchantable condition of trees, both by causing 
pitch to accumulate about fire scars, thus making the butts of the trees 
fatt}^, and by making trees susceptible to attack b}" fungi. In either 
case the part affected becomes worthless for lumber. 

EFFECT ON REPRODUCTION. 

The resistance of the mature trees to fi-re is not shared by the seed- 
lings. Seedlings start in the grass, and if fire occurs before they have 
grown above it a large percentage of them are killed. Longleaf pine 
seedlings are practically safe from light fires after a height of 1 foot 
is reached, but loblolly seedlings 3 or 4 feet high often succumb to 
them. This means, in the case of lobloUj" pine, that seedlings are not 
safe until they reach an age of from 3 to 5 years. 

GRAZING. 

Cattle, sheep, and hogs are ranged on all parts of the company's 
holdings by people living on or near the tract. Although this section 
of the country is not well suited to g'razing, and cattle here do very 
poorly, cattle-raising is one of the chief sources of income to the 
resident farmers. 

The number of cattle ranged on the company's holdings is not large 
and the direct damage done by grazing is small. The chief damage 
from this source is through its relation to forest fires, most of which 
are set to improve the range. In the winter the grass becomes very 
dr}^, which makes the green grass coming up under it in the spring 
very hard for cattle to get at. If the land is burned over earl}^ in the 
spring, however, cattle can get at the new grass without difficulty. 
This practice of burning is, nevertheless, shortsighted. The soil is 
impoverished by it, and the better but less hardy grasses are killed out. 
The poorer grasses already form so large a part of what now grows 
on the pine lands that even with protection from tire a long time 
would elapse before the grazing would be materially improved. 

The chief direct damage done by animals is the rooting up of loblolly 
and longleaf pine seedlings by hogs. Large numbers of seedlings 
are thus destroyed. But it is certain that the greatest damage done 
the forest at present is by fire, and, if this be eliminated, grazing can 
go on without causing noticeable harm. 



Bui. 56, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate II. 




Fig. 1.— Virgin Longleaf Pine, Hill Country. 




il^^.UM LuBLOLLV O.M AN OlD FIELD. 



SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF LOBLOLLY PINE. 33 

SILVICAIi DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TREES. 
LOBLOLLY PINE. 

LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE. 

Loblolly pine occurs throug-hout the tract from the wet swamps to 
the dry sand}^ uplands. It prefers, however, the intermediate flat 
moist lands, edges of swamps, and well-drained bottoms. It occurs 
both in pure stands and in mixture with other species, developing 
well in either case. 

ASSOCIATED' SPECIES. 

In the swamps themselves loblolly pine is seldom the dominant spe- 
cies, but is scattered throughout the forest of gums, cypress, oaks, 
maple, and ash. On the low islands in the swamps, along the edges 
of swamps, and on the large areas of moist flat land characteristic of 
the tract lobloll}" pine occurs practically in pure stands. Such hard- 
woods as red gum, black gum, and stunted oaks, together with cypress 
and occasional pond pines, are generally present in the form of an 
understory, but are not important. As the moisture decreases longleaf 
pine comes into the mixture, and when the soil becomes dry forms the 
main stand with loblolly as a secondary species. 

DEMANDS UPON SOIL AND MOISTURE. 

Loblolly pine is in no way fastidious in its soil requirements. With 
a good amount of moisture, it holds its place tenaciously on any class 
of soil. When, however, the soil becomes drj% it is easily ousted by 
the longleaf. In the wet swamps, while it sometimes occurs in large 
"numbers, it is generally kept back b}- the black gum and other hard- 
woods. The trees in such places are uniforml}^ large, but probably 
grow more slowly than when on only fairly moist soils. That moisture 
rather than quality of soil is the requisite for good growth is fre- 
quently illustrated by fringes of loblolly pine about the small pocosons 
in the midst of longleaf land. 

FORM AND DEVELOPMENT. 

The loblolly pine attains good size in all situations. Trees up to 30 
inches in diameter are common, but trees over 40 inches in diameter 
are seldom seen. The largest tree measured was 42 inches in diameter. 

A height of 120 feet is often attained, and trees as high as 140 feet 
were measured. If grown in somewhat crowded stands, it has a long, 
straight, cylindrical bole, clear of limbs for .50 or 60 feet. In youth 
it has a long, broad, conical or ovoid crown, which as age increases 
dies off at the bottom and becomes smaller and more flattened. 

TOLERANCE AND REPRODUCTION. 

For a few years in early life loblolly will endure considerable shade, 
but for the best development full enjoyment of light from the start 



34 



WOEKING PLAN. LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



is required. The shade of tall grass interferes with germination but 
does not prevent it. 

Loblolly pine reproduces well, provided that sufficient moisture is 
present and that fire is kept out. Trees begin to bear seed at an early 
age, especially where there is an abundance of light, but large crops 
are not borne until a diameter of 10 inches is reached. After this 
period some seed is borne nearl}- ever}- year, with heavy crops at 
intervals of two or three years. Seed is carried a long distance b}" 
the wind, so that a few good trees will seed up a large area. Exposed 
mineral soil makes the best germinating bed. For this reason the 
plowing up of the soil in skidding logs by steam is an advantage. 
Seedlings tend to come up in even-aged, dense stands. Old fields are 
seeded up progressively from the edges, while in virgin woods thickets 
come up adjacent to the dense stands where the light is good. 

Natural thinning out progresses rapidly after the tenth or fifteenth 
year, the overtopped trees giving way and allowing the crowns of the 
dominant ones more room. Height and diameter growth are rapid at 
this period. Owing to repeated fires the filling up of blanks on the 
drier lands is exceptional, but along the edges of swamps thickets of 
poles are generally present. 

On the cut-over lands reproduction, with few exceptions, has been 
excellent. This has been, however, the result of chance, no attemjjt 
having been made to leave seed trees. Since the future value of these 
timberlands depends on the reproduction of desirable species, seed 
trees must be carefully selected and left standing and fire must be 
entirely kept out if good results are to be insured. 

RELATION OF AGE TO DIAMETER. 



Table XI shows the average diameter breasthigh which a tree will 
reach in a given number of years. The fastest growth is made from 
the ninth to the twenty-seventh year, when it drops ofi^ slightl}', and 
thereafter a uniform rate of growth is maintained until the forty-sixth 
3^ear. Up to the eighty-third year growth is fair, but from then on 
it becomes slow. 

Table XI. — Age of loblolly pine. 



Diam- 




Diam- 




Diam- 




Diam- 




eter 
breast- 


Age. 


eter 
breast- 


Age. 


eter 
breast- 


Age. 


eter 
breast- 


Age. 


high. 




high. 




high. 




high. 




Inches. 


Years. 


Indies. 


Fears. 


Inches. 


Fears. 


Inches. 


Years. 


1 


9 


10 


30 


19 


65 


28 


126 


2 


11 


11 


33 


20 


71 


29 


134 


3 


13 


12 


36 


21 


77 


30 


143 


4 


15 


13 


39 


22 


83 


31 


152 


5 


18 


14 


43 


23 


90 


32 


163. 


6 


20 


15 


46 


24 


97 


33 


174 


7 


22 


16 


50 


25 


104 


34 


186 


8 


25 


17 


55 


26 


111 


35 


199 


9 


27 


18 


60 


27 


118 


36 


213 



SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF LOBLOLLY PINE. 



35 



RELATION OF VOLUME TO AGE. 

Table XII shows the number of board feet in a single tree at a ^iven 
age. The greatest growth in volume is made up to the seventieth 
3'ear. The rate then declines quite slowly and regularly to the one 
hundred and tenth year, after which it becomes irregular and drops 
otf faster, but makes good growth up to the one hundred and seven- 
tieth year, and fair growth to the two hundred and fiftieth year. 

Table XII. — Volume of loblolly pine at various periods. 



Age. 


Volume. 


Age. 


Volume. 


Age. 


Volume. 


Years. 


Board feet. 


Years. 


Board Jeet. 


Years. 


Board feet. 


30 


65 


110 


690 


190 


1,200 


40 


140 


120 


760 


200 


1,255 


50 


230 


130 


830 


210 


1,310 


60 


315 


140 


900 


220 


1,365 


70 


400 


150 


965 


230 


1,415 


80 


475 


160 


1,025 


240 


1,465 


90 


550 


170 


1,085 


250 


1,515 


100 


620 


180 


1,145 







RELATION OP AGE TO HEIGHT. 



Height growth decreases rapidly from the tenth to the seventieth 
year, after which it is regular but slow to the one hundred and for- 
tieth year. After the one hundred and fortieth year height growth 
becomes too slow to be of any importance as a volume factor. 

Table XIII. — Height of loblolly pine at various periods. 



Age. 


Height. 


Age. 


Height. 


Age. 


Height. 


Years. 


Feet. 


Years. 


Feet. 


Years. 


Feet. 


10 


12 


100 


Ill 


190 


125 


20 


38 


110 


114 


200 


125 


30 


59 


120 


117 


210 


126 


40 


75 


130 


119 


220 


126 


50 


86 


140 


121 


230 


126 


60 


94 


160 


122 


240 


127 


70 


100 


160 


123 


250 


127 


80 


104 


170 


124 






90 


108 


180 


124 







RELATION OF CLEAR LENGTH AND TOTAL HEIGHT TO DIAMETER BREASTHIGH. 

The clear length (or the distance from the ground to where the firsfc 
green limbs occur) at first increases much more slowly with growth in 
diameter than does the height of the tree. The clear length begins to 
increase most rapidly at the point where the growth in height begins 
to drop off slightly, or at about 8 inches in diameter. This rapid rate 
of increase in clear length continues until the tree is about 13 inches 
in diameter, after whicb it falls off rapidly, as does the height, which 
has been increasing at a uniform rate of a little over 5 feet to each 
inch of diameter growth. The growth in clear length becomes 
practically stationary when the tree is 20 inches in diameter. 



36 WOEKmG PLAN, LANDS IN BEEKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

Table XIV. — Clear length and total height of loblolly pine. 



Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


i Diameter 
i breast- 
i high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


Inches. 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

8 
9 
10 


Feet. 


Feet. 
10 
15 
21 
27 
32 
38 
43 
49 
54 
59 


Inches. 
11 

12 

1 13 
1 14 
I 15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 


Feet. 
33 
38 
43 
47 
■ 50 
52 
54 
55 
56 
57 


Feet. 
65 
70 
75 
79 
84 
87 
91 
94 
97 
100 


Inches. 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


Feet. 
58 
68 
58 
59 
59 
60 
60 
60 
61 
61 


Feet. 
103 
105 
108 
110 
112 
114 
116 
118 
120 
121 


13 
15 
16 
17 
19 
20 
22 
25 
28 



PERIODIC DIAMETER AND VOLUME INCREMENT. 

Table XV shows the growth in diameter breasthigh and in volume 
at different periods in the life of a tree, and the number of years 
required to grow 1 inch in diameter. 

Table XV. — Rate of grovili of loblolly pine. 



Period. 


Periodic 

diameter 

breastliigh 

growth. 


Periodic 

olnme 

growth. 


Time requir- 
ed to grow 
1 inch in 
diameter 
brea.sthigh 
during 
period. 


Age. 


Time requir- 
ed to grow 
1 inch in 
diameter 
breasthigh — 
average for 
total age of 
tree. 


Years. 
20-30 
30-40 
40-50 
50-60 
60-70 
70-80 


Inches. 
3.9 
3.8 
2.6 
■ 2.2 
1.8 
l.G 


Board feet. 


Years. 
3 
3 

} 
} 


Years. 

20 

30 

f 40 

t 50 

f 60 

\ 70 

80 


Years. 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 


74 
83 
93 
82 





LONGLEAF PINE. 



LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE. 



Longleaf pine is much more restricted in its occurrence than is lob- 
lolly. It is purely a tree of the higher, lighter, better-drained areas, 
and is rarely found where much moisture is present for any length of 
time. It occurs both in pure stands and in mixture, and thrives in 
either case. 

ASSOCIATED SPECIES. 

Over large areas longleaf pine occurs in nearly pure stands, though 
a scattering of single loblolly trees is nearly always present. As the 
soil moisture increases loblolly becomes more plentiful, until it is the 
dominant species. 

As on loblolly pine land, there is nearly always a lower story of 
hardwoods. Where the soil is very dry oak sprouts sometimes get 
possession of small areas to the exclusion of pine. 



SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF LOISTGLEAF PINE. 37 



DEMANDS UPON SOIL AND MOISTURE. 



For the best development of long-leaf pine a light, diy loam or sand 
is required. Of er considerable areas, however, it develops well on a 
clay loam. With it, as with loblolly, moisture is of more importance 
in determining its distribution than soil qualities, longleaf pine with- 
standing ver}" little moisture. 



FORM AND DEVELOPMENT. 



Owing to the removal of the large longleaf pines the average size 
of the trees is not great. The largest tree seen measured 40 inches in 
diameter, and trees over 2 feet in diameter are not common. In 
height, also, it is inferior to loblolly, seldom exceeding 100 feet. 

Under favorable conditions longleaf pine develops a long, straight, 
cylindrical, clear bole (iO feet in length, with a small, flat crown. In 
youth it has a thin crown, with the branches turning up at the end, 
giving a candelabra-like effect. In the sapling stage trees have a 
remarkable height for their diameter and depend much on one another 
for support. 

TOLERANCE AND REPRODUCTION. 

Longleaf pine is the most intolerant species on the tract. From 
the start it endures little or no shade. Reproduction is found only 
in very open stands, where there is an abundance of sunlight. In the 
sapling thickets overtopped trees die out very fast, the first stage of 
their decline being the dying off of the leader. 

If there is plenty of light, trees begin to bear seed when very small. 
Seed years occur less frequently than with lobloll}^ generally at inter- 
vals of three or four years. Seed is carried well by the wind, and a 
few trees will seed up considerable areas. 

A mineral soil is most favorable for the germination of longleaf 
pine seed, but is seldom found except after lumbering. A heavy crop 
of grass nearl}^ always covers the ground, and seeds germinate fairly 
well in this. 

As a result of fires, the present tendency is for the trees to come up 
in even-aged groups. A small patch of ground is free from fire for a 
few 3^ears, and a group of trees springs up on it. If fire be kept out 
after cutting, the stand will come up as even-aged forest, provided 
sufficient seed trees be left. 

Loblolly pine is not encroaching upon the longleaf land to any 
marked extent. Very few cases of loblolly following longleaf were 
seen. 

RELATION OF AGE TO DIAMETER. 

The diameter which a longleaf pine will reach in a given number 
of years is shown in Table XVI. Diameter growth is very uniform. 



38 



WORKIlSrG PLAN, LANDS TN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



Up to about 90 years of age a little over five 3"ears is required to g-row 
1 inch in diameter. Bej^ond that point the rate of growth becomes 
very slow. 

A comparison of this table with the one for loblolly pine will show 
that the diameter growth of lougleaf for the first seventy years is 
onlj" about one-half as fast as loblolly. At 100 j^ears old, however, it 
has reached a diameter three-fifths that of loblolly of the same age, 
and during its second centur}' of life it almost keeps pace with the 
loblolly. 

Table XVI. — Age of longleaf pine. 



Diam- 




Diam- 




Diam- 


' 


Diam- 




eter 
breast- 


Age. 


eter 
breast- 


Age. 


, eter 
! breast- 


Age. 


eter 
breast- 


Age. 


high. 




high. 




j high. 




high. 




Inches. 


Years. 


Inches. 


Years. 


Inches. 


Years. 


Inches. 


Years. 


1 


19 


9 


62 


17 


114 


25 


220 


2 


24 


10 


67 


18 


125 


26 


235 


3 


30 


11 


72 


19 


137 


27 


251 


4 


35 


12 


78 


20 


150 


28 


267 


5 


40 


13 


83 


21 


164 


29 


283 


6 


46 


14 


89 


22 


177 


30 


299 


7 


62 


15 


96 


23 


191 






8 


67 


16 


105 


24 


206 







RELATION OF VOLUME TO AGE. 



(See Table XVII.) 

In the case of longleaf pine sixtj" years must elapse before the mer- 
chantable contents of a tree become great enough to be considered. 
From this point the annual increment in volume continues to increase 
in amount to about the one hundredth year, between which and the 
one hundred and thirtieth year it makes a marked drop. Thencefor- 
ward it remains fairly uniform, though fluctuating somewhat one way 
or the other. 

Table XVII. — Volume of longleaf pine at various periods. 



Age. 


Volume. 


Age. 


VoUime. 


Age. 


Volume. 


Years. 


Board feet. 


Years. 


Board feet. 


Years. 


Board feet. 


60 


30 


130 


295 


200 


500 


70 


70 


140 


325 


210 


525 


80 


110 


150 


355 


220 


555 


90 


150 


160 


385 


230 


580 


100 


190 


170 


415 


240 


(110 


110 


225 


180 


445 


250 


635 


120 


260 


190 


470 







RELATION OF AGE TO HEIGHT. 



(See Table XVIII.) 

Height growth of longleaf pine is greatest from the tenth to the 
thirtieth year, but coatinues to be rapid to the eightieth year. After 
this it rapidly drops, until at 120 years the tree is growing only one- 
tenth of a foot per year. It continues at about this rate up to two 
hundred 3^ears, after which it practicall}" stops. 



SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF LONGLEAF PINE. 
Table XVIII. — Height of longleaf pine at rariuus periods. 



39 



Age. 


Height. 


Age. 


Height. 


Age. 


Height. 


Years. 


Feet. 


Fears. 


Feet. 


Years. 


Feet. 


10 


4 


100 


86 


190 


99 


20 


17 


110 


89 


200 


100 


80 


29 


120 


91 


210 


101 


40 


41 


130 


93 


220 


101 


50 


52 


140 


94 


230 


102 


60 


62 


160 


95 


240 


103 


70 


71 


160 


96 


250 


103 


80 


78 


170 


97 






90 


83 


180 


98 







RELATION OF CLEAR LENGTH AND TOTAL HEIGHT TO DIAMETER BREASTHIGH. 

(See Table XIX.) 

Clear length and height both increase most rapidly before the trees 
are 10 inches in diameter. Height growth is uniforinl_y greater than 
increase in clear length, but both continue at a uniform rate after the 
diameter reaches 10 inches, until it passes 20 inches, when both be- 
come exceedingly slow. 

Table XIX. — Clear length and total height of longleaf pine. 



Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


Inches. 
1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 


Feet. 


Feet. 
14 
23 
30 
36 
42 
48 
53 
59 


Inches. 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


Feet. 
38 
41 
44 
46 
49 
51 
53 
64 


Feet. 
64 
69 
73 

80 

S2 
85 

87 


Indies. 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 


Feel. 
56 
67 
59 
60 
61 
62 
62 
63 


Feet. 
89 
91 
93 
95 
96 
98 
99 
100 


15 
19 
23 
26 
29 
32 
36 



PERIODIC diameter AND VOLUME INCREMENT. 

(See Table XX.) 

The rate of diameter and volume growth is here shown for different 
periods in the life of a longleaf pine tree, and also the average num- 
ber of years required for trees of different ages to grow 1 inch. The 
best periodic growth, both in diameter and volume, is made from 
the twentieth to the ninetieth years, the former culminating between 
the seventieth and eightieth years, and the latter between the eightieth 
and ninetieth 3"ears. In the case of the diameter growth for the total 
age of trees, it is seen that the best growth is between the eightieth 
and one hundredth years, while here the number of years required tt>^ 
grow 1 inch in diameter is much greater from the twentieth to the 
sixtieth years than for the same periods as shown under periodic 
diameter growth. This is due in the former case to the slow growth 
of longleaf pine during very early life, it taking, as shown in Table 
XIV, nineteen years to produce a tree 1 inch in diameter breasthigh. 



40 



WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 
Table XX. — Rate of groivth of longleaf pine. 









Time re- 
quired to 




Time re- 
quired to 




Periodic 


Periodic 


grow 1 inch 




grow 1 inch 
in diameter 
breasthigh — 
average for 
total age of 
tree. 


Periods. 


diameter 


volume 


in diameter 


Age. 




growth. 


growth. 


breasthigh 
during 
period. 




I "ears. 


Inches. 


Bd.ft. 


Years. 


Years. 


Years. 


20- 30 
30- 40 
40- 50 
50- 60 


1.8 
1.9 
1.8 
1.9 




6 
5 

} 


20 
30 
40 
60 


17 
10 

8 
7 






33" 


60- 70 


1.9 


35 


} 


80 


6 


70- 80 


1.9 


42 


100 


6 


80- 90 


1.7 


42 


} 


120 


7 


90-100 


1.4 


40 






100-110 


1.1 


36 


} ■» 






110-120 


1.0 


36 







SHORTLEAF PINE. 

Shortleaf pine is of too rare occurrence to be a factor in the com- 
mercial forest. With the exception of spruce pine, it is the pine 
least represented on the tract. It occurs for the most part as scat 
tered individuals over restricted areas, occasionally forming 12 to 20 
per cent of the stands. It is found in mixture with either longleaf or 
loblolly pine, but more frequently with the latter. 

Its soil and moisture requirements are between those of the two 
pines with which it associates; it grows on the more moist longleaf 
lands and drier loblolly lands, preferring a fresh loam. ii 

It is a uniformly small tree, seldom exceeding 2 "feet in diameter, ^f 
but reaching a height of 100 feet. It develops a long, clear bole, with 
a small, irregular-shaped crown. 

Shortleaf pine is not tolerant. It will stand some shade in youth, 
but soon demands full sunlight. It ranks with loblolly in this respect. 

Reproduction is generally good. Trees of this species left after 
lumbering are surrounded with seedlings. Since it is in nearly all 
respects a less desirable tree than loblolly, reproduction should not be 
encouraged. 

In growth this species is slower than loblolh' and faster than long- 
leaf pine. 

POND PINE. 

Pond pine occurs on wet lands, swamps, savannahs, bays, and bottom- 
lands, but reaches merchantable size onh' on the bottomlands. It is 
the tree most largely represented on waste lands, such as savannahs 
and bays. 

In the bottoms it occurs in mixture with loblolly pine, maple, ash, 
red, white, and black oaks; in the deep swamps with cypress and black j 
gum. In poor situations it sometimes occurs in almost pure stands. 

Like the lobloll}^ pine it will grow where there is standing water 
during the greater part of the 3' ear, but it develops best on the rich, 



Bui 56, Forest Service U S. Dept, of Agriculture. PLATE III. 




Fig. 1 .—Loblolly Pine and Hardwoods on the Border 
OF A Swamp. 



' .-■la^^^.y^-' 




Fig. 2.— Hardwoods on Swamp Type. 



Bui. 56, Forest Service, U. 5. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate IV. 




Fig. 1.— a Mixed 



LubLuLLY AND LONGLEAF PiNE. 




F,^. 2.— Reproduction of Longleaf Pine on an Old Burn. 



SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF CYPRESS. 41 

moist loams of the bottoms. On lands physically ill adapted to tree 
growth it is often the only tree present. It forms the bulk of the stand 
over considerable areas of low-lying wet lands, such as are found along 
the southeast boundary of Hell Hole. 

When growing under favorable conditions it closel}^ resembles lob- 
lolh^ pine, reaching about the same size and having similar form. On 
the waste lands it becomes a stunted tree, of small diameter and height. 
On the low flat lands it is a short-bodied, long-crowned tree, but attains 
diameters up to 20 inches. 

Like the other pines, it is not ^ tolerant tree. In mixture its exist- 
ence depends on its being dominant, and when in pure stands it forms 
a one-height class. Reproduction is not plentiful, but saplings are 
fairly numerous. 

In good situations its growth resembles loblolly pine, but is -slightly 
slower. On poorer soils it is slow; trees of 6 to 10 inches in diameter 
are from 50 to 60 years old. 

CYPRESS. 

Cypress occurs in the deep, wet swamps, pocosons, and bays, along 
streams, and on low flat lands where there is standing water at least 
part of the year. Occasionally specimens grow on the fresh uplands, 
but such are exceptional. It occurs for the most part as scattered 
individuals, or in small groups, occasionally nearly pure, over limited 
areas. 

Black gum, loblolly pine, red gum, ash, maple, and occasional pond 
pine are nearly always present with the cypress. Yellow poplar is 
sometimes also in the mixture. Saplings and cypress often grow under 
loblolly pine as a lower story. 

The best soil condition for cypress is a light sandy loam, with an 
abundance of standing water the year round. Hence the best cypress 
is in the deep swamps. A mucky soil, of which there is little on the 
tract, is said to cause shake, but otherwise it appears to be favorable 
to good development. 

Cypress is the largest tree on the tract. Trees up to 50 inches in 
diameter are not uncommon. The largest tree found measured 75 
inches in diameter. The cypress seldom exceeds 100 feet in height, 
but has a long, clear bole (50 to 60 feet long), and a short, irregular 
crown made up of rather large branches. On account of the ''peck" 
(a form of rot to which it is subject) the top of the tree is generally 
killed back. In the pocosons the tree is much smaller. 

Cypress is capable of standing considerable shade. The few seed- 
lings which come up grow under very dense shade, and saplings seem 
to endure shade fairly well, though many are killed ofl" by it. 

Reproduction is very poor. Only occasional seedlings are seen, 
though saplings are numerous. These saplings are most plentiful in 



42 



WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



the drier parts of the tract and along the edges of the swamps, which 
should indicate that seed does not germinate well in the wet places. 
The thickets of black gum, no doubt, also retard reproduction. The 
outlook for a crop to take the place of the one now mature and on the 
decline is poor. 

The fungous disease commonly called "peck" is found in nearly 
every mature tree. It enters at some scar near the top and works 
down, making the affected parts worthless. Nearly all of the large 
trees have hollow butts. 

While figures of growth could not be obtained for this species, the 
few trees the rings of which were counted showed very slow growth 
from early life to old age. 

The clear length and height growth of this tree cease very early. 
(See Table XXL) After 13 inches in diameter is reached they prac- 
tically stop increasing. One great reason for this short period of 
height growth is doubtless the "peck," which causes the trees to 
become stagheaded. 

Table XXI. — Clear length and total height of cypress. 



Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Clear 
length. 


Height. 


Inches. 
1 

2 

3 
■i 
6 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


Feet. 


Feet. 
16 

28 
38 
47 
55 
62 
67 
71 
75 
77 


Inches.. 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 


Feet. 
56 

67 
57 
57 

58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 


Feet. 
79 

81 
83 
84 
85 
86 
86 
87 
87 
88 


Inches. 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


Fett. 
58 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 
59 


Feet. 
88 
88 
89 
89 
89 
89 
90 
90 
90 
90 








34 
43 
48 
52 
54 
55 



RED GUM. 

Red gum occurs throughout the tract, from the dry to the very wet 
lands. By preference, however, it avoids the two extremes and seeks 
the moist flat lands on the edges of swamps and along streams. It 
associates with all species from longleaf pine to cypress, but is most 
often found with loblolly pine and trees of the bottomlands. 

A fresh soil is necessar}^ for the growth of red gums of any size, and 
a moist one is preferred. The tree reaches best development on moist 
loams where there is not standing water the year round. 

It is not uniformly a large tree. Three feet is. the maximum diam- 
eter, and 80 to 90 feet the maximum height. Under favorable con- 
ditions it develops a good, clear bole, and has a long, irregular crown. 
It is often defective from hollow butts. 

A small amount of shade is endured throughout life, but large red 
gum trees seldom develop unless they enjoy full sunlight. 

Reproduction from seed is rare, but from sprouts it is very common, 
especially on the moist pine lands. 



SILVICAL DESCRIPTION OF YELLOW POPLAR. 43 

BLACK GUM. 

Black gum is one of the most largel}^ represented species on the 
tract, growing- in all situations except on the very sandy soils. The 
deep swamps are, however, the natural home of this species. It is 
always found in mixture, though it often makes up the bulk of the 
stands over considerable areas. It associates with all species except 
the long-leaf pine, but most often with cypress, water oak, red gum, 
ash, maple, and loblolly pine. 

Black gum is in no way fastidious as to its soil requirements, and 
will grow on any soil, provided moisture be present. It develops best 
on a moi-t or wet loamy soil. 

Black gum is not a large tree on the tract. Trees up to 2 feet in 
diameter are common, but larger ones are not plentiful. The bulk of 
the trees are under 70 feet in height, but occasional ones reach 90 feet. 
Under the best conditions a clear bole of 35 to 40 feet and a rather 
long, straggling, flattened crown is developed. 

This species is one of the most tolerant on the tract, often forming 
thickets under the shade of large trees; in fact, it is generally a tree 
of the lower story. 

Reproduction by sprouts on moist pine lands is quite common, but 
seedlings are few. Saplings and poles are plentifully represented. 

RED MAPLE. 

Red maple occurs as scattered individuals throughout the bottom- 
lands, along streams, and in the deep swamps. Along streams and in 
the drier swamps, where the best maple occurs, it is associated with 
oaks, ash, hickory, and pond and loblolly pines; in the deep swamps, 
where it is perhaps more plentiful, with gums and cypresses. 

Red maple requires a fresh soil, and prefers a moist or wet one. 
Its best development is on the moist, rich loams. 

Maple is not a large tree on the tract, seldom exceeding 2 feet in 
diameter, though occasional trees over 30 inches in diameter are seen. 
Under favorable conditions it develops a long bole, with a rather large, 
irregular crown. It is very apt to be crooked and unsoiuid. 

It is one of the tolerant species. Saplings live under a dense shade 
for a long time. In this respect it ranks with the black gum. Repro- 
duction is very scarce, but saplings and poles are plentiful thi-oughout 
the swamps. 

YELLOW POPLAR. 

Yellow poplar occurs along streams and along the edges of and in 
swamps. It occurs infrequently, however, and only as single trees, 
is confined to limited areas, and makes up only a small part of the 
stand. It is found in mixture with all of the species growing in the 
bottoms, and also largelj" with cypress and the gums in the swamps. 



44 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELli:Y COUNTY, 8. C. 

Fresh or moist rich loams are practically the only soils on which this 
tree grows, as moisture, combined with proper soil conditions, is 
absolutely necessary to its life. 

The yellow poplar grows to large size, exceeding 100 feet in height 
and 4 feet in diameter. It generally has a long, -straight, cylindrical 
bole, with a small, fiat, forked crown. It appears to be uniformly 
sound, but most of the trees are mature. 

Yellow poplar is alwa^^s a dominant tree on the tract, never grow- 
ing mider the shade of other trees. Next to longleaf pine it is the 
most intolerant species found. Reproduction is practically wanting. 
Saplings and poles are sparmgl}' present, and the indications are that 
the species is not increasing its representation. 

H[CKOKY. 

Owing to similarity of occurrence and development, and to the rela- 
tive nonimportance of this genus on the tract, all of the hickories 
found will be discussed colle(;tively. 

Scattered individuals occur along streams and pocosons and in the 
bottoms, associated with maple, ash, gums, oaks, beech, yellow pop- 
lar, cypress, and loblolly pine. Hickories are rarely found on the 
drier soils. A fresh or moist soil is sought, but excess! vel}^ wet soils 
are avoided. A rich, light loam best favors its development. 

Hickory seldom reaches a diameter of over 20 inches, though trees 
over 30 inches in diameter are occasionally found. It reaches a maxi- 
mum height of about 80 feet. It is generall}'^ short, with a long, 
straggling crown, and is apt to be crooked and defective. Hickory is 
not so tolerant as the black gum or maple, but ranks more nearly with 
the red gum in this respect. 

Reproduction other than from sprouts is almost never seen, and 
sprouts are not plentiful. 

WHITE ASH. 

White ash occurs as scattered individuals along streams and through- 
out the drier and in the deeper swamps. It is rarely of merchantable 
size, but is more frequently found in sapling and pole stages. It occurs 
in mixture with all the species found in both the bottoms and swamps. 

A moist or wet soil is favorable to the growth of this species, a moist 
one preferred. Hence the best growth is on the rich loams of the bot- 
tomlands. The tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter and 80 feet in 
height. Under favorable conditions it develops a long, clear bole and 
a small crown, but tends to be crooked and unsound. 

Ash is one of the tolerant species, ranking with maple and the gums 
in. this respect. Reproduction is veiy scant, but saplings and poles 
are plentiful in proportion to the number of large trees. 



TREES ON THE TRACT. 45 

WATER OAK, 

Water oak occurs throughout the deep swamps and bottoms and 
along runs and pocosonw. It is the oak most largel}" represented on 
the tract. Scattered individuals are associated with all species except 
longleaf and shortleaf pine. It requires a fair amount of moisture 
and attains good growth even in standing water. The best develop- 
ment is found along streams and in the drier swamps on rich, moist 
loam. 

The water oak reaches a large size. Trees 30 inches in diameter are 
not uncommon, and trees 4 feet iri diameter are occasionally seen. It 
sometimes reaches a height of 90 to 100 feet. It has a rather long con- 
ical crown, with a fair length of clear bole. It is, however, often 
unsound. In tolerance it ranks with the red gum and hickories. Repro- 
duction is nearly wanting, but saplings and poles are plentiful. 

OTHER OAKS. 

The white, black, red, and Spanish oaks all sometimes reach good 
size on the bottomlands. The post, blackjack, Spanish, and ])lack 
oaks also occur on the drier soils, as stunted trees. They seldom, 
however, interfere with the reproduction of pine. 

TREES ON THE COOPER RIVER HOLDINGS. 

Common name. Botanical name. 

Loblolly pine Pinus taeda. 

Pond pine Finns serotina. 

Shortleaf pine Pinus echinata Mill. 

Spruce pine Pinus glabra Walt. 

Longleaf pine Pinus palustris Mill. 

Bald cypress Taxodiurn distichum (Linn. ) Rich. 

White cedar Chamiecyparis thy aides (L. ) B. S. P. 

Red cedar Juniperus virginiana Linn. 

Bitternut hickory Hicoria 7ninima (Marsh. ) Britton. 

Shagbark hickory Hicoria ovata (Mill. ) Britton. 

Mockernut hickory Hickoria alba ( Linn. ) Britton. 

Pignut hickory Hickoria glabra ( Mill. ) Britton. 

Swamp Cottonwood Populus heteropliylla Linn. 

Hornbeam Ostrya virginiana ( Mill. ) Koch. 

Blue beech Carpinus caroliniana Walt. 

Beech Fagus atropunicea ( Marsh. ) Sudworth. 

White oak Quercus alba Linn. 

Post oak Quercus minor (Marsh. ) Sargent. 

Live oak Quercus virginiana Mill. 

Black oak Quercus velutina Lam. 

Spanish oak Quercus digitata (Marsh. ) Sudworth. 

Blackjack oak Quercus marilandica Muenchh. 

Water oak Quercus nigra Linn. 

White elm Ulmus amerira)ia. 

Winged elm Ulmus alata. 



46 WOEKING PLAlxT, LANDS IN BERKEIrEY COUNTY, S. C. 

Common name. Botanical name. 

Hackberry Celtis mississippiensis. 

Red mulberry Morus rubra. 

Yellow poplar Liriodendron tulipifera. 

Red gum Liquidambar styraciflwx. 

Red maple Acer rubrum. 

Dogwood Cornus florida. 

Black gum Nijssa sylvatica. 

Persimmon Diospyros virginiami. 

White ash ^ Fraxmus americana. 

TESES AND SHEUBS FORMING UNDERBRUSH. 

Titi , Cliftonia monoiihylla. 

Gallberry (inkberry ) Hex glabra ( Linn. ) . 

Green brier Smilax laurifolia. 

Devilwood Osmanthus americaniis. 

Sweet magnolia ( white bay ) Magnolia glauca. 

Loblolly bay Gordonia laslanthus. 

Red bay Persea borbonia. 

Rattan Bignonia caprealata. 

Hurrah brush Andromeda floribunda. 

Wax myrtle Myrica cerifera. 

American holly Ilex opaca. 

Yaupon Hex vomitoria. 

Purple buckeye .Esculus octandm. 

Prickly ash Xanthoxylum clava-herculia. 



PART II.— MANAGEMENT. 
INTRODUCTION. 

Conditions are exceedingly favorable on the Cooper River holding's 
for the application of practical forestrv. There is a good present 
stand of mature timber, and a ready market for it; an excellent young 
growth develops after lumbering, provided the cut-over lands are pro- 
tected against tire — a matter which is entirel}" practicable at a small 
expense; the cost of logging and transportation to the mill is very 
low; and the mill itself is thoroughly equipped and remarkably well 
situated to facilitate a large and varied output. 

The capital invested in mill, transportation system, and timber- 
lands is considerable; therefore a system of management which would 
insure the company a continuous yield of timber is highly desirable, 
provided such management would not seriously interfere with present 
profits. If it can be so arranged that, as soon as the company's hold- 
ings are entirel}^ cut over for the first time, the lands first lumbered 
will once more support a merchantable stand ready to be cut, such an 
arrangement is obviously a good business policy. If this can be done, 
the capital remains invested; if not, after the lands are cut over, 
returns cease, and, except for that part of the investment which can 
be disposed of, the capital account is wiped out. 

In the following pages it is shown that by the addition of certain 
amounts of land it is both practicable and profitable to carry on oper- 
ations on the basis of a sustained yield equal to the highest present 
capacit}^ of the mill. 

PRESENT AND FUTURE YIELDS OF PINE. 

Table XXll shows the present average yield in board feet per acre 
of loblolly and longleaf pine combined, and the yield that may be 
expected after ten, twenty, thirty, forty, and fift}^ 3'ears, cutting to 
difl^'erent diameter limits. The number of 3'ears that must elapse before 
a cut equal to the present may be again obtained is also shown. This 
table is constructed from an average of all acres of timber measured 
on the tract. 

Future yields are obtained by ascertaining how many trees of each 
diameter are left on the ground if a given diameter is cut to (see 
Tables I, II, and III), and then finding b}^ the use of Tables XI and 

47 



48 



WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BEEKELEY COUNTY, 8. 0. 



XVI (age on basis of diameter) how large these trees will be at the 
end of ten, twenty, thirty, forty, and more years. The contents of 
these trees is then calculated from the volume tables, the result giving 
the yield in board feet at the end of each decade. 

As shown in Table XXII, the second cut of timber after ten, twenty, 
or thirty years is greater with a diameter limit of 14 inches than if a 
diameter limit of 16 inches be adopted. Raising the diameter limit 
usually results in increasing the second cut of timber which may be 
expected after a given period. That this does not happen on the 
Cooper River timberlands is explained bj^ the fact that in cutting to 
14 inches the trees left standing which will become merchantable if 
the second cut to the same diameter limit is made after ten, twenty, or 
thirty j^ears will yield more board feet of lumber at the end of the 
period than will those left if the diameter limit is set at 16 inches for 
both cuttings. 

This is because the number of trees of small diameter which will 
become 14 inches but will not become 16 inches in diameter within 
the given period more than offsets the timber produced by trees 14 
and 15 inches in diameter. 

Table XXII. — Present and future yields of pine per acre, and time required before a yield 
equal to the present may ayain he obtained. 

















Time 


Cutting 














before a 


limit, 


Present 


Yield 


Yield 


Yield 


Yield 


Yield 


yield 


diameter 


yield 


after 10 


after 20 


after 30 


after 40 


after 50 


equal to 


breast- 


per acre. 


years. 


years. 


years. 


years. 


years. 


present 


high. 














may be 
obtained. 


Inches. 


Bd. feet. 


Bd.feet. 


Bd. feet. 


Bd.feet. 


Bd. feet. 


Bd.feet. 


Years. 


10 


6,033 


1,086 


3,318 


5,768 


8,143 


10, 648 


31 


12 


5,385 


1,098 


3,416 


6,566 


9,362 


12, 640 


25 


14 


4,729 


1,263 


3, 753 


8,293 


11,086 


14,543 


22 


16 


4,021 


1,124 


3,165 


7,697 


11,968 


15,670 


22 



SUSTAINED ANNTJAIi YIELD. 

In estimating the amount of land necessary for a sustained annual 
jdeld, it is assumed that land, if acquired, will be of the same character 
as that now owned by the company. 

Since the chances for a second crop of cypress are small (on account 
of its scant reproduction and slow growth), and since most of the hard- 
woods are at present unmerchantable, these are not considered in this 
calculation. The company at present does not intend to cut over 
20,000,000 board feet per year from their own land, but the mill, if 
running at full capacity, might easily handle 40,000,000 feet. 

In Tables XXIII, XXIV, and XXV is shown the amount of land 
necessary for a sustained annual yield of 20, 30, and 40 million board 
feet of pine, cutting to different diameter limits; and the amount 
necessary, cutting to 14 inches, with a 30-year rotation. The amount 



SUSTAINED ANNUAL YIELD. 



49 



of land required varies with the yield per acre; the greater the yield 
the smaller the area, necessarily. 

Tables XXllI, XXIV, and XXV show how many acres must be 
added to the present holdings of the company to secure an output 
from the mills of 20, 30, or 40 million board feet per year during- the 
period of the second cut, provided the added acreage is of the same 
character as that now owned. 



Table XXIII. — Sustained annual yield of 80,000,000 hoard feet of pine. 



Cutting 






Time re- 


Time re- 
quired be- 


Total area 


Additional 
area to be 
acquired 
for sus- 
tained an- 
nual yield. 


limit, 


Annual 


Area to be 


quired to 


fore second 


necessary 


diameter 


yield per 


logged 


cut over 


yield equal 


for sus- 


breast- 


acre. 


annually. 


present 


to first can 


tained an- 


high. 


~ 




tract. 


be ob- 
tained. 


nual yield. 


Inches. 


Board feet. 


Acres. 


Yearis. 


Years. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


10 


6,033 


3,315 


12 


31 


102, 765 


63, 065 


12 


5, 385 


3,714 


10.7 


25 


92, 850 


53,150 


14 


4, 729 


4,229 


9.4 


22 


93, 038 


53, 338 


16 


4,021 


4,974 


8 


22 


109, 428 


69, 728 



Table XXIV. — Sustahted annual yield of 30,000,000 board feet of pine. 



Cutting 






Time re- 


Time re- 
quired 


Total area 


Additional 
area to be 
acquired 
for sus- 
tained an- 
nual yield. 


limit. 


Annual 


Area to be 


quired to 


before sec- 


necessary 


diameter 


yield per 


logged 


cut over 


ond yield 


for sus- 


breast- 


acre. 


annually. 


present 


equal to 


tained an- 


high. 






tract. 


first can be 
obtained. 


nual yield. 


Inches. 


Bel. ft. 


Aa-es. 


Years. 


Years. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


10 


C, 033 


4,973 


8.0 


31 


154,163 


114, 4«3 


12 


6,385 


5,571 


7.1 


25 


139,276 


99, 575 


14 


4, 729 


6,344 


6.3 


22 


139, 508 


99, 868 


16 


4,021 


7,461 


5.3 


22 


164,142 


124,412 



Table XXV. — Sustained annual yield of 40,000,000 hoard feet of pine. 



Cutting 






Time re- 


Time re- 
quired 


Total area 


Additional 
area to be 
acquired 
for sus- 
tained an- 
nual yield. 


limit, di- 


Annual 


Area to be 


quired to 


before sec- 


necessary 


ameter 


yield per 


logged 


cut over 


ond yield 


for sus- 


breast- 


acre. 


annually. 


present 


equal to 


tained an- 


high. 






tract. 


first can be 
obtained 


nual yield. 


Inches. 


Bd.ft. 


Aci-es. 


Years. 


Years. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


10 


6,033 


6,630 


6.0 


31 


205, 530 


165, 830 


12 


6,385 


7,428 


5.3 


25 


185, 700 


146, 000 


14 


4,729 


8,458 


4.7 


22 


186,076 


146,376 


16 


4,021 


9,948 


4.0 


22 


218,866 


179, 156 



50 



WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



Table XXVI. — Comparison of ratations for sustained annual yield of 30,000,000 board 

feet of pine. 



Cutting 






Yield per 


Area to be logged 1 
over annuallv. 1 


Time required to 
cut over present 


Area neces- 
sary for sus- 


limit, 


Rota- 
tion. 


Present 


acre sec- 










tained an- 


diameter 


yield per 


ond time 










nual yield 










breast- 


acre. 


tract is 


First 


Second 


First 
time. 


Second 
time. 


•second time 


high. 






logged. 


time land 


time land 


land 










is logged. 


is logged. 


is logged. 


Inches. 


Years. 


Bd. ft. 


Bd.ft. 


Acres. 


Acres. 


Years. 


Years. 


Acres. 


10 


31 


6,033 


6,033 


3,315 


3,315 


12.0 


12.0 


102, 765 


10 


30 


6,033 


5,758 


3,315 


3,473 


12.0 


11.4 


104,190 


10 


40 


6,033 


8,143 


3,315 


2,456 


12.0 


16.2 


98,240 


12 


25 


5,385 


5, 385 


3,714 


3,714 


10.7 


10.7 


92, 850 


12 


30 


5, 385 


6,566 


3,714 


3,046 . 


10.7 


13.0 


91,380 


12 


40 


5,385 


9,362 


3,714 


2, 136 1 


10.7 


18.6 


8.5,440 


14 


22 


4,729 


4,729 


4,229 


4, 229 1 


9.4 


9.4 


93, 038 


U 


30 


4, 729 


8,293 


4,229 


2,412 ; 


9.4 


16.5 


72, 300 


n 


40 


4, 729 


11, 086 


4, 229 


1,804 


9.4 


22.0 


72, 160 


16 


22 


4, 021 


4,021 


4,974 


4, 974 


8.0 


8.0 


109,428 


16 


30 


4, 021 


7,697 


4,974 


2,598 


8.0 


1.5.3 


77, 940 


16 


40 . 


4,021 


11, 968 


4,974 


1,671 


8.0 


23.8 


66, 840 



THE ROTATION FOR PINES. 

By rotation is understood the number of years that must elapse 
between the harvesting of successive crops on a given area. 

In Tables XXIIl, XXIV, and XXV it is shown that if the land is 
reworked at the time when a cut equal to the present can again be 
obtained, cutting to l-i inches will permit an earlier second cut, and 
necessitate the buying of only a few more acres of land to furnish a 
sustained annual yield than if a 12-inch diameter limit is adopted, and 
much less than is required if a 10 or 16 inch limit is used. Though 
either a 12 or 14 inch diameter limit, with a rotation of twenty-live 
years in the first case and of twenty-two years in the second case, 
would be satisfactory, there are reasons why a longer rotation should 
be adopted. 

When a tract is put under forest management it is assumed that it 
is to be kept in timber for all time and that a certain amount of timber 
is to be taken from it each 3^ear to supply a steady demand. Forest 
management aims, by tire protection and careful lumbering, to bring 
about normal conditions in the forest and make each acre produce to 
its utmost capacity. The stand of timber on the lands of the E. P. 
Burton Lumber Company is not at present normal; as a consequence 
of repeated forest fires the yield is too small. If enough land is bought 
to give a sustained annual yield of 20,000,000 board feet and the area 
is cut over when a crop equal to the present can again be obtained, 
the stand per aci'e will be smaller than if a longer rotation were 
adopted, the area lumbered annuall}^ will be larger (which means 
greater expense for railroad and hauling), and more land will have to 
be purchased to supply the yearly demand. 

The object should be to get a sustained annual yield from as small 
an area as possible, provided this does not materially interfere with 



EOTATIONS FOR PINES. 



51 



or increase the cost of present operations. The smaller the area the 
smaller the invested capital and the yearly tax list, and in the long 
run this means the saving of a considerable sum of money. 

In Table XXVI is shown the amount of land necessary for a sus- 
tained annual yield under different rotations and diameter limits. It 
is seen that the smallest amount of land is needed when a 16-inch 
diameter limit and a 40-year rotation are adopted. As previously 
stated, if any rotation is adopted longer than the one when a cut equal 
to the present can again be obtained, the tract, when cut over for the 
lirst time, will not furnish enou^'h pine to supply the mill. If 14 
inches is cut to, it is thought that the cypress and hardwoods, combined 
with the added volume of stands of pine not coming under the ax for 
some time, will furnish enough extra material to give the mill (com- 
bined with the present stand of pine) a 30 years' cut, but possibly not 
enough to give a 40 years' cut if 16 inches is cut to. Since it is not 
advisable to buy the large amount of logs that would be needed to 
give the mill a 40 j^ears' cut, the 16-inch diameter limit and 40-3^ear 
rotation are impracticable. Cutting to 14 inches with a 30-year rota- 
tion, while recj[uiring more land for a sustained annual yield, will give 
a larger present cut per acre and will not necessitate buying logs to 
supply the mill before a full yield can again be obtained from the 
lands first logged. To secure the same output during the next thirty 
years, or the period which must elapse before the second cutting 
begins, the difference between 4,729 board feet and 8,293 board feet 
per acre for the number of acres to be cut annually must be secured 
in addition. The growth which will accrue to stands of pine which 
are not to be cut for some years will partly supply this deficiency, and 
the cypress and such hardwoods as can be disposed of will suffice to 
make up the rest. This rotation and diameter limit are therefore rec- 
ommended for all pine lands controlled by the E. P. Burton Lumber 
Companv. 

Table XXVII. — Sustained annual yields of pine, rvith a 14-inch diameter breasthigh 
cutting limit and a rotation of 30 years. 



Sustained 

annual \ield 

of tract. 


Annual 

yield per 

acre. 


Area to be 
logged an- 
nually. 


Time re- 
quired to 
cut over 
present 
tract. 


Time re- 
quired be- 
fore second 
yield equal 
to first can 
be ob- 
tained. 


Total area 
necessary 

for sus- 
tained an- 
nual yield. 


Additional 
area to be 
acquired 
for sus- 
tained an- 
nual yield. 


Board feet. 
20,00U,000 
30, 000, 000 
40, 000, 000 


Bd.ft. 

8,293 
8,293 
8,293 


Acres. 
2, 412 
3,618 
4,823 


Years. 
16.5 
11.0 
8.2 


Years. 
30 
30 
30 


Acres. 
T2, 360 
108, 540 
144, 690 


Acres. 
32, 660 
68, 840 

104, 990 



52 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

OBJECTS SOUGHT ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOREST LAND. 
LOBLOLLY PINE LAND. 

There i« no doubt but that on land suited to its growth lobloll^y pine 
is the most profitable species that can be grown in this region. Such 
land is capable of supporting heavy stands, and should be kept as 
nearly pure as possible. Ordinarily this will not be a hard thing to 
manage. In marking trees for removal it will sometimes be neces- 
sary to leave trees above the diameter limit. These should alwaj^s be 
of loblolly pine on land well suited to its growth, and since loblolly is 
a much more prolific seeder than the other pines growing here, few 
of the other species will be established. It must be remembered that 
loblolly should not be forced on land where it does not plainl}' grow 
to better adv^antage than longleaf. 

All possible hardwoods should be removed, since they take up room 
that might be devoted to the growth of loblolly pine, besides keeping 
back reproduction to some extent. Yields will be greatly increased 
in this type as soon as fires become less frequent and young growth is 
properly protected. 

LONGLEAF PINE LAND. 

Fire, lumbering, and boxing for turpentine have left the longleaf 
pine lands in ver}^ poor condition. The ol)ject in this type of forest 
should be to increase the density of the stand by filling up the large 
blanks with young growth. This can be done by keeping out fire, 
cutting to 14 inches diameter breasthigh, and, when necessary, leav- 
ing trees above the diameter limit for seed. If measures are taken to 
bring in young growth, these lands, after two or three rotations, will 
yield from two to three times as much timber as at present. 

SWAMP LAND. 

Swamp land bears a stand of timber which is very mixed in charac- 
ter. Nearly all of the species found on the tract, except longleaf pine, 
may occur in the sAvamps. The commercially important species — 
cypress, loblolly pine, and yellow poplar — are intermixed with a growth 
of gums, oaks, ash, and maple, which keep back reproduction of the 
important species to a great extent. Yellow poplar is of rare occur- 
rence, and will never be an important species in this section. Cypress 
grows very slowly and reproduces poorly, so that after the present 
stand is removed there is small hope of another crop. The future 
value of the swamp type depends on increasing the proportion of lob- 
lolly. This can be done by removing hardwoods whenever possible 
and leaving loblolly seed trees. 

It is of particular importance in marking trees for removal that 
unless a good stand remains below the diameter limit, one and often 
two trees above the diameter limit be left on each acre for seed. 



LUMIJEEING. 58 

LUMBERING. 
REMOVAL OF HARDWOODS. 

Besides the hardwoods in the swamps, there is, wherever moisture 
is present in sufficient quantities, a growth of liardwoods on the pine 
lands. These hardwoods form an understory, and in the present 
forest do little harm. Hitherto fires have kept them back by killing 
off the smaller trees. As soon as fire is kept out of the pine forests, 
however, hardwoods will become more plentiful, and possibl}^ will 
hinder the reproduction of pine^ Therefore hardwoods should be 
removed so far as possible when the pine lands are being logged. 
Unfortunately^ the uses that hardwoods of the class found on pine 
lands can be put to are limited. 

WHAT HARDWOODS CAN BE USED FOR. 

In a flat country, such as the one under consideration, railroading is 
sometimes made difficult by the soft places which allow the track to 
sink. To support it poles are often laid under the ties, and too com- 
monly pine is used for this purpose. By using hardwoods instead the 
latter would be got rid of and the supply of young pine saved. Hard- 
woods should also be used for all temporary bridging and crib work, 
and, when possible, for skids. 

A large number of ties are used yearly by the company on their log 
trams. At present a few of these are cypress, but most are of pine. 
Since ties are hewed, the pines used for this purpose are pole pines of 
the right size to make a tie. This use of pine trees for ties should be 
avoided, for it reduces the yield at the next cut. A good many ties 
could be obtained from pine tops, a few from hardwoods, and what 
more were required from pocoson cypress. Cypress makes excellent 
ties, and though a valuable timber, the chances for a second crop are 
very poor, so that small trees of this species can well be used for this 
purpose. 

For fuel the locomotives now use either fatty knots or trees cut 
down and sawed up for this purpose. A considerable amount of good 
pine is thus used. If possible this waste should be avoided. Cull 
trees, pine tops, hardwoods, and down timber should be used for fire- 
wood so far as possible. 

THE STEAM SKIDDER. 

In lumbering nearly all of the logs are dragged from the stump to 
the track b}^ steam skidders. By their use the cost of logging is 
greatly reduced, but great damage is done the trees left standing. 
Many are broken off or uprooted and many more are barked or 
bruised by the logs. All possible precautions should be taken in 
skidding logs to see that as little damage as possible is done the 
standing trees. 



54 



WOEKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 



Steam skidders aid greath" in reproduction, since they tear up the 
soil and thus make an excellent seed bed for the pines. They also 
materially lessen the danger from fire by mixing the very inflammable 
material on the ground with soil, so that it does not burn readily, 

HEIGHTS OF STUMPS. 

At present loblolly pine stumps are cut about 2 feet high, and long- 
leaf pine often higher. In the case of longleaf pine it is often advisable 
to cut high stumps to avoid an old box or an injury which has caused 
a pitchy butt. In the case of loblolly pine, the only thing that should 
cause a high stump to be cut is a bad fire scar or other unsoundness. 
Table XXYIII shows the amount of timber saved by cutting stumps 
1 and li feet high instead of 2 feet, as is done at present. It is seen 
that for trees of the larger diameters the saving is considerable. It is 
recommended that all pine stumps be cut not higher than li feet 
unless the butt of the tree is unsound. With the present distribution 
of age classes, this would mean a saving of about 5i million board feet 
over the whole tract. 

Table XXVIII. — Amount of timber saved by cutting stumps 1 and l^feelfrom ground 
instead of at the present height of 2 feet. 



Diameter 
breast- 
high. 


Gain per tree by cut- 
ting— 


Number of trees neces- 
sary to save 100 board 
feet cutting— 


1-foot 
stumps. 


li-foot 
stumps. 


1-foot 
stumps. 


li-foot 
stumps. 


Inches. 
10 
13 
16 
18 
20 


Board feet. 

3 

7 

10 

12 

16 


Board feet. 
2 
2 
5 
6 
9 


33 
14 
10 
8 
6 


50 
50 
20 
17 
11 



SUPERVISION AND PROTECTION. 



MARKING TREES FOH REMOVAL. 

It is necessary to mark all pine trees that are to be cut if the best 
results are to be obtained. Ordinarily this will simply mean the mark- 
ing of all pine trees 14 inches and over in diameter breasthigh, but in 
case this leaves too few trees for seed purposes, trees of larger size 
must be left. When this necessity occurs, one or two trees capable of 
withstanding wind, and in other ways well suited for seed trees, must be 
selected and left on each acre. When trees over the diameter limit 
are left, enough trees below this limit should be removed to compen- 
sate for the larger ones. In removing trees below the diameter limit 
great care should be exercised. These trees should not be removed 
where the stand is open, but from areas where the number of small 
trees is great. 



SUPERVISION AND PROTECTION. 55 

Leaving trees above the diameter limit will have to be most largely 
practiced on swamp lands, where pine trees often occur singly or in 
small groups. It is most important here that the representation of 
lobloHy pine be increased. 

It is estimated that, for the present, one man should be able to do 
all of the marking at a yearly cost of 



NECESSITY FOR A FORESTER. 

It is strongly recommended that the services of a forester be secured 
by the E. P. Burton Lumber Con;ipany. If the tract is to bear timber 
to its full capacity, the forest must be brought into normal shape as 
soon as possible. In order to bring this about a competent man must 
watch the marking and logging very closely. 

The services of a forester should be secured at a yearly cost of 
$1,500 and living- expenses. His duties should include: 

(1) A systematic marking of trees for removal, with inspection to 
see that no areas are cut over on which trees have not been marked. 

(2) A careful study of the logging, with a view to eliminating waste 
from high stumps, odd log lengths, leaving logs in the tops, leaving 
logs in the woods, breaking trees in felling, and damaging small trees 
in felling other trees. Waste in these various ways is considerable 
during the year, and the direct saving which a forester could effect 
along these lines would defra}^ no small part of his salar3^ 

(3) The organization of a sj^stematic patrol of the lands to keep out 
fire, with personal direction of the work of putting out bad fires. 

(4) The la3dng out of the trams so that old and defective stands of 
timber may be removed first, and young and thrifty stands allowed to 
put on growth as long as possible. This is very important, since, if 
properly carried out, the stands not coming under the ax for ten, 
twenty, or more years will increase in value by several million board 
feet. 

(5) The examination of all lands under consideration for purchase 
to report upon their suitability for forest management. 

If waste is appreciabh^ reduced, fires kept out, and the forest cut so 
that young stands are left until the last, the result will be a saving to 
the company which will far more than pay the salar}^ of a competent 
man. 

PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE. 

Fire is the worst enemy of the forest on the lands of the E. P. Bur- 
ton Lumber Company. Fire keeps back reproduction of pine and 
thins out the existing stands. This thinning out of the stands is accom- 
plished — 

(1) By killing trees outright. 

(2) By burning out butts until the trees are so weakened that they 
are windthrown. 



56 WORKING PLAN, LANDS IN BERKELEY COUNTY, S. C. 

(3) By encjouraging" the growth of fungi, which weaken the trees, 
cause windfall, and render the diseased parts worthless for lumber. 

Fire protection on this tract is difRcult because of the ease with which 
fires can be started, not because of the intensity of the tires. Grass tires 
are g*enerally easily put out, either b}^ whipping them out with brush 
or by back firing. Slash fires are more serious, but less common. 
Lumbering so tears up the ground and lessens the inflammability of 
the ground litter that with slight precautions fire can be prevented on 
cut-over lands. 

Fire protection for the present should be directed mainh^ to the cut- 
over lands where a young- growth of pine is starting or may start, but 
all lands should also be protected and fires put out so far as possible. 
One man can at present easily patrol the holdings, and fires should not 
get beyond control before they will be discovered. The ranger should 
put out small fires himself; but in case of a fire becoming dangerous 
help should be furnished him upon demand. 

It is estimated that one man emploj^ed for eight months of the year, 
at a cost of $200, should pretty thoroughly' keep fire from doing great 
damage on the tract. 

COST OF CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT. 

Cutting to 14 inches diameter breasthigh will curtail the present cut 
of pine b}^ about 656 board feet per acre, or 26,043,200 board feet for 
the present holdings. This curtailment is in the trees from 12 to 11 
inches in diameter, which will form part of the yield thirty years hence, 
when the second cutting is made. 

The actual expenses per 3'ear, aside from the value of the timber 
left standing which might be cut, are estimated as follows: 

Fire protection $200 

Marking trees for removal 375 

Salary of a forester 1, 500 

Living expenses of a forester oOO 

Total 2, 375 

These expenses must be justified by the increase in the productive- 
ness of the forest. 

RULES FOR LUMBERING. 

The following rules should be enforced in lumbering the tract of 
the E. P. Burton Lumber Compan}^: 

(1) All pine to be cut shall be marked, and no trees shall be cut 
that are not marked, 

(2) All pine 11 inches and over in diameter breasthigh shall be 
marked for removal, unless in the judgment of the forester the tree 
should be left for seed. If trees above the diameter limit are left for 
seed, enough trees below the limit should be cut to ofl^set the large 



CONCLUSIONS, . 57 

trees. These smaller trees .should be removed onl}" when no damage 
to the forest will resuh. 

(3) Stumps shall not be cut higher than IS inches, if the butts are 
sound. 

(•i) Ties shall be cut fi-om pine tops, poeoson cypress, and hardwoods, 
not from pole pine. 

(5) Hardwoods shall be used for track corduroy instead of j^omig 
pine, so far as possible. If the use of young pine is unavoidable, 
they shall be cut, not among scattered trees, but from dense thickets, 
in the form of thinnings. 

(<)) Culls, tops of felled trees, and hardwoods shall be used for fire- 
wood ; no young pine shall be cut for this purpose. 

(7) In felling great care shall be exercised not to injure trees left 
standing for a second crop. 

(8) In skidding logs all possible care shall be exercised not to injure 
standing trees. 

(9) Tops which fall close to standing trees shall be lopped close to 
the ground to a distance from the trees which, in the judgment of the 
forester, will avoid danger from slash tires. At first this distance 
should be 15 feet. It may subsequently be reduced or lengthened as 
experience dictates. 

(10) Hardwoods should be removed wherever possible. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

This working plan shows plainl}' that conservative treatment of the 
timberlands of the E. P. Burton Lumber Company is practical — 

(1) Because conservative treatment will greatly increase the yield 
of timber on the tract; and 

(2) Because it will make a permanent investment out of what is at 
present a temporary one. 

By increasing the holdings a sustained annual yield may be obtained 
so that the mill will be supplied with timber for all time and the forest 
l)e as valuable at an}^ time as it is at present. 

In order to secure the above results, fire must be kept out, young 
trees protected where lumbering is going on, and no trees cut which 
have not reached a diameter of 14 inches. Loblolly pine, being a tree 
of very rapid growth and being well suited to the locality, should be 
favored as much as possible, that its range ma}' be extended. This 
tree should, so far as possible, replace the cypress and hardwoods, 
since C3'press is too slow growing to be profitable, and the hardwoods 
are not now and will not be for a long time of much commercial 
value. 



INDEX. 

Page. 

A rea, general description of tract 7 

necessary for sustained annual yield of pine, tables 51 

Ash, occurrence , ^) 12 

stand on whole tract, table 28 

white, occurrence, associate species, soil, form, reproduction, etc 44 

silvical description 44 

Bates holding, area, lumber yield, tables 17 

lumber yield, table 26 

Bay, red and white, occurrence 8, 14 

Beech, occurrence 8, 12 

Big Savannah, area, description, soil, value for grading, etc 14 

Black gum, silvical description 43 

oak, occurrence and yield 8, 10, 12, 16-27 

Blackjack, occurrence .» 8 

Blocks, yield 15-27 

Bottom lands, timber, soil, underbrush, etc 11-12 

Chapel Hill holding, area, lumber yield, tables 16-17, 24 

Cooper River holdings, trees, and shrub species 45-46 

Cost of conservative management 56 

Cypress, form, reproduction, term of growth 42 

occurrence, associate species, soil, moisture, etc 5, 41 

' ' peck ' ' disease 42 

silvical description 41-42 

volume, talkie 15 

yield per block, tables 16-27 

Devil wood, occur-rence 14 

Diameter limit, relation to rotation 50. 51 

yield - 49, 50 

Doyle rule, comparison with two-thirds rule, table 29 

East Silkhope holding, area, lumber yield, tables 20-21, 27 

Fire, forest, effect on reproduction, soil, and on standing trees 31-32 

protective measures 31, 55-56 

swamp bottomlands 12 

injury to forests 31-32 

pine forests 10 

range 32 

and soil 32 

Fishbrook holding, area, lumber yield, tallies 19, 27 

softwoods left after lumbering 30 

Forest lands, management, object 47 

topographical description 7 

working plan, results 57 

management, cost 56 

tracts, injury from fire - 10 

types, description, etc 7-14 

Forester, duties - 55 

Forestry, favorable condition of tract 47 

Fuel for tram engines, use of cull timbers, suggestions 53 

Gall berry, occurrence 8, 10 

Grazing, forest, injury - 32 

impoverish ment of soil 32 

swamp bottomlands, note 12 

value of tract, note 32 

59 



60 ■ INDEX. 

Page. 

Gum, black, occurrence, associate species, soil, reproduction, etc 8,43 

silvical description 43 

yield per block, tables 16-27 

red, occurrence, assoinate species, soil, etc 8, 12, 42 

silvical description 42 

yield, per block, tables 16-27 

total, of tract 28 

sprouts, occurrence 8 

Hardwoods, in loblolly pine forest, varieties 8 

longleaf jjine forest, occurrence 10 

suggestions for removal from forest 52, 53 

use in road building 53 

Hell Hole holding, drainage, area, lumber, yield, tables 7, 11, 16, 23-24 

Hickory, occurrence, associate species, soil, form, reproduction, etc 8, 12,44 

silvical description 44 

stand on whole tract, table 28 

Hill holding, area, lumber yield, tables 18-19, 24, 26 

Hogs, injury to forest 32 

Holdings, forest list 29 

total yield, comparison, table 29 

Holly, occurrence 14 

swamp lands, occurrence 12 

Hurrah brush, occurrence 14 

swamp lands, occurrence 12 

Limerick holding, area, lumber yield, tables 21-22, 24-25 

Loblolly pine, distribution, occurrence, associate species, soil, form, size, re- 
production, tolerance 33-34 

Loblolly pine forest, reproduction, underbrush, etc 8 

improvement, suggestion 9 

land, description, situation, value, soil, etc 8 

percentage of tract 8 

stand, associated species, etc 9 

suggestions for management 52 

occurrence 5, 14 

rate of growth, table 36 

relation of age to diameter 34 

height, table 35 

clear length and total height to diameter, table 36 

volume to age 35 

silvical description 33-36 

total yield of tract 28 

volume, table 15 

yield per block, tables 16-27 

Logs, marketing, methods, losses, etc 30-31 

transportation methods, etc 30-31 

Longleaf pine forests, injury from lumbering and turpentining 10 

land, description, situation, soils, underbrush, etc 10-11 

mismanagement 10 

percentage of tract » 8 

stand 10, 11 

suggestions for management 52 

occurrence, associate species, etc 36 

periodic diameter, volume increment, etc. 39-40 

relation of age to diameter, table oS 

volume and height 38-39 

reproduction, form, development, soil, moisture, etc 37 

silvical description 36-40 

tolerance 37 

total yield of tract 28 

volume, table 15 

yield per block, tables 16-27 

Lumber, pine, present and future yield, method of determining 47-48 

table 48 

sustained annual yield, cutting limit, table 48, 49-50 

Lumbering, injury to pine forests 10 

methods, results, etc 29-30 

rules 56-57 



INDEX. 61 

I'tige. 

Maple, red, occurrence, associate species, reproduction, etc 8, 12, 4;> 

silvical description 4o 

stand on whole tract, table 28 

Market, transportation of logs, export, etc o0-31 

Markiiig trees for cutting, suggestions 54-55 

McCabe & Inabinett holding, lumber yield, table 26 

Measurements, tree, for volume tables, etc 5 

Myrtle, wax, occurrence 8, 10, 12 

Oak, black, yield per block, tables 16-27 

post, occurrence 8, 10, 12 

Spanish, occurrence 8, 10, 12 

sprouts, occurrence 8 

water, occurrence, associate species, soil, etc 8, 12, 45 

silvical description 45 

white, yield per block, tables : 16-27 

Oaks, species other than water, occurrence 45 

Peter Mur^jhy holding, area, lumber yield, tables 20, 25 

Pine forest, area necessary for sustained annual yields, table 51 

loblolly, forests, reproduction, underbrush, etc 8 

occurrence 5 

lumber, present and future yield, method of determining 47-48 

sustained annual yield, cutting limit, table 48, 49-50 

Pines, pond, occurrence 14 

' ' Pocosons ' ' pine forests, occurrence 7, 10 

Pond pine, occurrence, associate species, form, soil, etc 40-41 

silvical description 40-41 

Poplar, yellow, occurrence, associate species, soil and moisture requirements. 8,44 

silvical description 43-44 

swamp lands, occurrence 12 

yield of tract 28 

per block, tables 16-27 

Post oak, occurrence 8, 10, 12 

Protection and supervision 54-57 

from fire, rules 55-56 

Raspberry, occurrence 8,10 

Rattan, occurrence 12 

Red gum. (»%e Gum, red. ) 

Reproduction, black gum 43 

cypress 40 

effect of fire 32 

hickory . 44 

pine, loblolly 10, 13, 33 

longleaf 37 

pond 41 

shortleaf 40 

red gum 42 

maple 43 

swamp land 13 

water oak 45 

white ash 44 

yellow poplar 44 

Rivers and streams on tract, remarks 7 

holding, area, lumber yield, tables 17-18, 26 

Roads, character on tract 7 

Rock outcroppings, lack 7 

Rodgers holding, area, lumber yield, tables 22-25 

Rotation, timber, definition 50 

Rules, lumbering 56-57 

two-third, compared with Doyle, table 29 

Savannahs, description 14 

Sawmill company, annual output 48 

Seedlings, scarcity in swamp bottom lands {see also Reproduction ) 12 

Shortleaf pine, occurrence, form, value, etc 40 

silvical descrii:)tion 40 

Silvii-al description of most important trees 33-45 

Skidders, steam, aid in forest reproduction 54 

injury to standing timber 53 



62 INDEX. 



Smilax, occurrence 14 

Soil, effect of fire in forest 81 

waste land 14 

Soils, descriptions for tract 7, 10, 11, 12, 14 

Spanish oak, occurrence 7, 8, 10, 12 

Stand on loblolly pine land, table 9 

longleaf pine land, table 11 

swamp land, table , 13 

Stumps, height, recommendations 54 

low, timber saved, table 54 

Supervision and protection 54-57 

Swamp land, description, area 11 

percentage of tract 8 

reproduction 13 

Swamp land, species of timber 5 

suggestions for management 52 

true, reproduction 13 

types, description, area, etc 11-13 

Swamps, description, area, etc 7 

true, description, soil, etc 12-13 

timber species 12 

Timber, prevailing species 5 

rotation, definition 50 

species of trees, and value in swamp lands 12 

swamp and bottom lands, average number of trees per acre, 

table ., 13 

tract, division into blocks, metliod 15 

yield per block, method of computing, and table 15-27 

Timberlands, tj^pes, description 7-14 

Titi, occurrence 14 

Tract, general description 7 

yield by species 27, 28 

Tram building, use of hardwoods, and cypress 53 

Transportation, logs, methods, etc 30-31 

Trees, injury from fire 31-32 

sylvical description 33-45 

Turpentining, increase of danger from fire 32 

injury to pine forests - 10 

Types, forest : 7-14 

Waste land, description 14 

Water, drainage, etc 7 

oak. See Oak, water. 

West Silkhope holding, area, lumber yield, tables 27 

White ash. See Ash, white. 

oak, jaeld, tables 16-17 

Windsor holding, area, lumber yield, tables 10-20, 25 

Underbrush, character in several forest types 12, 14 

Volume tables, method and rule for compiling 6, 14 

Yellow poplar. [See Poplar, yellow.) 

Yield, lumber, for pine, cypress, and hardwoods 15-29 

tract, by species . . . T 27-29 



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Lb Mr '07 



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